Perbudakan upah adalah suatu istilah yang dikonotasikan secara negatif untuk menarik analogi antara perbudakan dan kerja upahan, dengan berfokus pada kesamaan antara memiliki dan menyewa seseorang. Biasanya digunakan untuk merujuk pada situasi di mana penghidupan seseorang tergantung pada upah atau gaji, terutama ketika ketergantungannya bersifat total dan langsung.[1][2]
Istilah "perbudakan upah" telah digunakan untuk mengkritik eksploitasi buruh dan stratifikasi sosial. Eksploitasi buruh dilihat terutama sebagai daya tawar yang tidak setara antara kerja dan modal (khususnya ketika pekerja dibayar dengan upah yang relatif rendah, seperti di sweatshop),[3] sementara stratifikasi sosial dilihat sebagai kurangnya manajemen mandiri pekerja, pilihan pekerjaan yang mencukupi, dan kelapangan dalam ekonomi.[4][5][6] Kritik terhadap stratifikasi sosial mencakup pilihan pekerjaan lebih luas yang terikat oleh tekanan masyarakat hierarkis untuk melakukan pekerjaan yang tidak mencukupi, sehingga merampas "karakter spesies" mereka,[7] tidak hanya di bawah ancaman kelaparan atau kemiskinan, tetapi juga pengurangan stigma dan status sosial.[4][8][9] Secara historis, beberapa organisasi buruh dan aktivis sosial telah mendukung manajemen mandiri pekerja atau koperasi pekerja sebagai alternatif bagi kerja upahan.[5][10]
Kesamaan antara kerja upahan dengan perbudakan dibahas sedari awal oleh Cicero pada zaman Romawi Kuno, seperti di De Officiis.[11] Dengan munculnya Revolusi Industri, pemikir seperti Pierre-Joseph Proudhon dan Karl Marx menguraikan perbandingan antara kerja upahan dan perbudakan,[12][13] sementara kelompok Luddites menekankan dehumanisasi yang disebabkan oleh mesin. Pengenalan kerja upahan pada abad ke-18 di Britania disambut dengan perlawanan, sehingga memunculkan prinsip-prinsip sindikalisme.[10][14][15][16] Sebelum Perang Saudara Amerika, negara bagian Selatan pendukung perbudakan orang Afrika-Amerika menggunakan konsep perbudakan upah untuk membandingkan kondisi budak mereka dengan pekerja di negara bagian Utara.[17][18] Amerika Serikat menghapus perbudakan setelah Perang Saudara, tetapi aktivis serikat pekerja menganggap metafora tersebut dapat digunakan - menurut sejarawan Lawrence B. Glickman, pada Era Gilda "banyak rujukan di pers buruh, dan sulit menemukan pidato pemimpin buruh tanpa frasa tersebut".[19]
Lihat pula
- Antikapitalisme
- Pendapatan dasar
- Corak produksi kapitalis
- Perbudakan kontemporer
- Kritik terhadap kapitalisme
- Ikatan hutang
- Penindasan ekonomi
- Delapan jam sehari
- Diskriminasi pekerjaan
- Rasio pekerjaan terhadap populasi
- Entitlement
- Upah keluarga
- Asosiasi bebas (komunisme dan anarkisme)
- Pendapatan minimum terjamin
- Distribusi pendapatan
- Pengangguran tidak sukarela
- Daftar negara menurut PDB (KKB) per kapita
- Daftar negara berdasarkan upah rata-rata
- Daftar negara berdasarkan tingkat pekerjaan
- Upah hidup
- Upah maksimum
- Pinjaman habis bulan
- Industri kemiskinan
- Proletariat
- Penolakan kerja
- Salaryman
- Kesenjangan sosial
- Sistem truk
- Riba
- Pencurian upah
- Upah
- Upah dan gaji
- Kesejahteraan
- Pekerja miskin
- Keseimbangan kerja-hidup
- Kontrak nol jam
Referensi
- ↑ "wage slave". merriam-webster.com. Diakses tanggal 4 Maret 2013.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - ↑ "wage slave". dictionary.com. Diakses tanggal 4 Maret 2013.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - ↑ Sandel 1996, hlm. 184.
- 1 2 "Conversation with Noam Chomsky". Globetrotter.berkeley.edu. hlm. 2. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2019-09-19. Diakses tanggal 28 Juni 2010.
{{cite web}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - 1 2 Hallgrimsdottir & Benoit 2007.
- ↑ "The Bolsheviks and Workers Control, 1917–1921: The State and Counter-revolution". Spunk Library. Diakses tanggal 4 Maret 2013.
{{cite web}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - ↑ Avineri 1968, hlm. 142.
- ↑ Fitzhugh 1857.
- ↑ George 1981, "Chapter 15".
- 1 2 Ostergaard 1997, hlm. 133.
- ↑ Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1 Januari 1913) [First written in October–November 44 BC]. "Liber I" [Book I]. Dalam Henderson, Jeffrey (ed.). De Officiis [On Duties]. Loeb Classical Library [LCL030] (dalam bahasa Latin and Inggris). Vol. XXI. Diterjemahkan oleh Miller, Walter (Edisi Digital). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. hlm. 152–153 (XLII). doi:10.4159/DLCL.marcus_tullius_cicero-de_officiis.1913. ISBN 978-0-674-99033-3. OCLC 902696620. OL 7693830M. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 6 April 2018. XLII. Now in regard to trades and other means of livelihood, which ones are to be considered becoming to a gentleman and which ones are vulgar, we have been taught, in general, as follows. First, those means of livelihood are rejected as undesirable which incur people's ill-will, as those of tax-gatherers and usurers. Unbecoming to a gentleman, too, and vulgar are the means of livelihood of all hired workmen whom we pay for mere manual labour, not for artistic skill; for in their case the very wage they receive is a pledge of their slavery. Vulgar we must consider those also who buy from wholesale merchants to retail immediately; for they would get no profits without a great deal of downright lying; and verily, there is no action that is meaner than misrepresentation. And all mechanics are engaged in vulgar trades; for no workshop can have anything liberal about it. Least respectable of all are those trades which cater for sensual pleasures[.]
{{cite book}}: Ketidakcocokan ISBN / tanggalPemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - ↑ Proudhon 1890.
- ↑ Marx 1969, Chapter VII.
- ↑ Thompson 1966, hlm. 599.
- ↑ Thompson 1966, hlm. 912.
- ↑ Lazonick 1990, hlm. 37.
- ↑ Foner 1995, hlm. xix.
- ↑ Jensen 2002.
- ↑ Lawrence B. Glickman (1999). A Living Wage: American Workers and the Making of Consumer Society. Cornell U.P. hlm. 19. ISBN 9780801486142.
Bibliografi
- Ablett, Noah (1991) [1912]. The Miners' Next Step. London: Phoenix Books. ISBN 978-0-948984-21-1.
- Avineri, Shlomo (1968). The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-09619-5.
- Bober, Stanley (2007). "Marxian economics: its philosophy, message, and contemporary relevance". Dalam Mathew Forstater; Gary Mongiovi; Steven Pressman (ed.). Post Keynesian Macroeconomics: Essays in Honour of Ingrid Rima. Abingdon and New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-77231-0.
- Bookchin, Murray (1990). Remaking Society. New York, NY: South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-372-1.
- Bookchin, Murray (2001). Which Way for the Ecology Movement?. Oakland, CA: AK Press. ISBN 978-1-873176-26-9.
- Brendel, Cajo (1971). "Kronstadt: Proletarian Spin-off of the Russian Revolution". Marxists Internet Archive. Diakses tanggal 9 Maret 2013.
- Carsel, Wilfred (1940). "The Slaveholders' Indictment of Northern Wage Slavery". Journal of Southern History. 6 (4): 504–520. doi:10.2307/2192167. JSTOR 2192167.
- Chomsky, Noam (1986). "The Soviet Union Versus Socialism" (PDF). Our Generation. 17 (2): 47–52. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 2021-03-03. Diakses tanggal 5 Maret 2013.
- Chomsky, Noam (1993). Year 501: The Conquest Continues. London: Verso Books. ISBN 978-0-86091-406-8. Diakses tanggal 9 Maret 2013.
- Chomsky, Noam (2000). Rogue States: The Rule of Force in World Affairs. New York, NY: South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-612-8.
- Chomsky, Noam (2002). C.P. Otero (ed.). Chomsky on Democracy and Education. London and New York, NY: RoutledgeFalmer. ISBN 978-0-415-92631-7.
- Chomsky, Noam (2011) [1999]. Profit over People: Neoliberalism and Global Order. New York, NY: Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-1-888363-82-1.
- Clark, John (1983). The Anarchist Moment: Reflections on Culture, Nature and Power. Montreal: Black Rose Books. ISBN 978-0-920057-08-7.
- Clark, John (2004) [1992]. "A Social Ecology" (PDF). Dalam Michael E. Zimmerman; et al. (ed.). Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology (Edisi 4th). London: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-13-112695-4.
- De Grand, Alexander J. (2004) [1995]. Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: The 'Fascist' Style of Rule (Edisi 2nd). London and New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-33629-1.
- Douglass, Frederick (1994). Henry Louis Gates (ed.). Douglass: The Autobiographies. New York, NY: Library of America. ISBN 978-0-940450-79-0.
- Douglass, Frederick (2000). Philip S. Foner, Yuval Taylor (ed.). Frederick Douglass: Selected Speeches and Writings. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-61374-147-4.
- Durham, Meenakshi Gigi; Kellner, Douglas M., ed. (2012) [2001]. Media and Cultural Studies: Keyworks (Edisi 2nd). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-65808-6.
- Ehrenreich, Barbara (2009). Bright-Sided: How Positive Thinking Is Undermining America. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-8749-9.
- Ehrenreich, Barbara (2011) [2001]. Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America (Edisi 10th anniversary). New York, NY: Picador. ISBN 978-0-312-62668-6.
- Ellerman, David P. (1992). Property and Contract in Economics: The Case for Economic Democracy (PDF). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-55786-309-6. Diakses tanggal 9 Maret 2013.
- Ellerman, David P. (2005). "Translatio versus Concessio: Retrieving the Debate about Contracts of Alienation with an Application to Today's Employment Contract" (PDF). Politics & Society. 33 (3): 449–480. doi:10.1177/0032329205278463. Diakses tanggal 9 Maret 2013.
- Engels, Friedrich (1969) [1847]. "The Principles of Communism". Marx & Engels: Selected Works, Volume I. Moscow: Progress Publishers. hlm. 81–97. Diakses tanggal 9 Maret 2013.
- Ferguson, Thomas (1995). Golden Rule: The Investment Theory of Party Competition and the Logic of Money-Driven Political Systems. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-24316-0.
- Fitzhugh, George (1857). Cannibals All! or, Slaves Without Masters. Richmond, VA: A. Morris. ISBN 9781429016438. Diakses tanggal 9 Maret 2013.
{{cite book}}: Ketidakcocokan ISBN / tanggal - Fogel, Robert William (1994) [1992]. Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery. New York, NY: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31219-5.
- Foner, Eric (1995) [1970]. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509497-8.
- Foner, Eric (1998). The Story of American Freedom. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-7567-5804-2.
- Fromm, Erich (1995) [1976]. To Have or to Be?. London and New York, NY: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-1738-1.
- George, Henry (1981) [1883]. Social Problems. New York, NY: Robert Schalkenbach Foundation. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2013-01-13. Diakses tanggal 9 Maret 2013.
- Goldman, Emma (2003). Candace Falk; et al. (ed.). Emma Goldman: A Documentary History of the American Years, Volume I: Made for America, 1890–1901. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08670-8.
{{cite book}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Nama numerik: daftar penyunting (link) - Graeber, David (2004). Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology. Chicago, IL: Prickly Paradigm Press. ISBN 978-0-9728196-4-0.
- Graeber, David (2011). Debt: The First 5,000 Years. New York, NY: Melville House Publishing. ISBN 978-1-933633-86-2.
- Graham, Robert, ed. (2005). Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Volume One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE to 1939). Montreal: Black Rose Books. ISBN 978-1-55164-251-2.
- Hallgrimsdottir, Helga Kristin; Benoit, Cecilia (2007). "From Wage Slaves to Wage Workers: Cultural Opportunity Structures and the Evolution of the Wage Demands of the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor, 1880–1900". Social Forces. 85 (3): 1393–411. doi:10.1353/sof.2007.0037. JSTOR 4494978.
- Hauser, Marc (2006). Moral Minds: How Nature Designed Our Universal Sense of Right and Wrong. New York, NY: Ecco. ISBN 978-0-06-078070-8.
- Hofman Öjermark, May, ed. (2008). "Promoting safe and healthy jobs: The ILO Global Programme on Safety, Health and the Environment (SafeWork)" (PDF). World of Work. 63: 4–11. ISSN 1020-0010. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 2017-08-13. Diakses tanggal 8 Maret 2013.
- Jensen, Derrick (2002). The Culture of Make Believe. New York, NY: Context Books. ISBN 978-1-893956-28-5.
- Keen, Steve (c. 1990). The Demise of the Labor Theory of Value. Kensington, New South Wales: University of New South Wales. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2013-05-02. Diakses tanggal 9 Maret 2013.
- Klein, Martin A. (1986). "Review: Slavery in Russia, 1450–1725 by Richard Hellie". American Journal of Sociology. 92 (2): 505–506. doi:10.1086/228533. JSTOR 2780190.
- Klein, Naomi (2009) [1999]. No Logo (Edisi 10th anniversary). New York, NY: Picador. ISBN 978-0-312-42927-0.
- Kolko, Gabriel (1962). "American Business and Germany, 1930–1941". The Western Political Quarterly. 15 (4): 713–728. doi:10.1177/106591296201500411. JSTOR 445548.
- Kuttner, Robert (1997). Everything for Sale: the Virtues and Limits of Markets. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-58392-1.
- Laurie, Bruce (1997) [1989]. Artisans into Workers: Labor in Nineteenth-Century America. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06660-3.
- Lazonick, William (1990). Competitive Advantage on the Shop Floor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-15416-2.
- Mankiw, N. Gregory (2012). Macroeconomics (Edisi 8th). New York, NY: Worth Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4292-4002-4.
- Margo, Robert A.; Steckel, Richard H. (1982). "The Heights of American Slaves: New Evidence on Slave Nutrition and Health". Social Science History. 6 (4): 516–538. doi:10.2307/1170974. JSTOR 1170974.
- Marx, Karl (1959) [1844]. "Third Manuscript; Human Requirements and Division of Labour Under the Rule of Private Property". Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844. Moscow: Progress Publishers. Diakses tanggal 9 Maret 2013.
- Marx, Karl (1969) [1863]. Theories of Surplus Value. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
- Marx, Karl (1990) [1867]. Capital, Volume I. London: Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044568-8.
- Metcalf, Alida (2005). Family and Frontier in Colonial Brazil. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70652-1.
- Mises, Ludwig von (1996) [1949]. Human Action: A Treatise on Economics (Edisi 4th). San Francisco: Fox & Wilkes. ISBN 978-0-930073-18-3.
- Norberg, Johan (2003). In Defense of Global Capitalism. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute. ISBN 978-1-930865-47-1.
- Ostergaard, Geoffrey (1997). The Tradition of Workers' Control. London: Freedom Press. ISBN 978-0-900384-91-2.
- Perlman, Fredy (2002). The Reproduction of Daily Life. Detroit, MI: Black & Red. ISBN 978-0-934868-17-4.
- Price, Richard H.; Friedland, Daniel S.; Vinokur, Anuram D. (1998). "Job Loss: Hard Times and Eroded Identity" (PDF). Dalam John H. Harvey (ed.). Perspectives on Loss: A Sourcebook. Philadelphia, PA: Brunner/Mazel. hlm. 303–316. ISBN 978-0-87630-909-4. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 2022-08-19. Diakses tanggal 2019-09-19.
- Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1890) [1840]. What Is Property? or, An Inquiry into the Principle of Right and of Government. New York, NY: Humboldt Publishing.
- Roediger, David (2007) [1991]. The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (Edisi revised and expanded). London and New York, NY: Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-84467-126-7.
- Rothbard, Murray N. (2009) [1962, 1970]. Man, Economy, and State with Power and Markets (PDF) (Edisi 2nd). Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute. ISBN 978-1-933550-27-5. Diakses tanggal 9 Maret 2013.
- Sandel, Michael J. (1996). Democracy's Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-674-19744-2.
- Schmidt, Jeff (2000). Disciplined Minds. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8476-9364-1.
- Smith, Mark M. (1998). Debating Slavery: Economy and Society in the Antebellum American South. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57158-6.
- Steuben, John (1950). Strike Strategy. New York, NY: Gaer Associates. Diakses tanggal 5 Maret 2013.
- Takala, J., ed. (2005). Introductory Report: Decent Work – Safe Work (PDF). XVIIth World Congress on Safety and Health at Work. Geneva: International Labour Office. ISBN 978-92-2-117751-7. Diakses tanggal 9 Maret 2013.
- Thompson, E. P. (1966) [1963]. The Making of the English Working Class. New York, NY: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-394-70322-0.
- Thoreau, Henry David (2004). Walden (Edisi Fully annotated). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10466-0.
- Thye, Shane R.; Lawler, Edward J., ed. (2006). Social Psychology of the Workplace. Advances in Group Processes. Vol. 23. Oxford: JAI Press. ISBN 978-0-7623-1330-3.
- Weininger, Elliot B. (2002). "Class and Causation in Bourdieu". Dalam Jennifer M. Lehmann (ed.). Bringing Capitalism Back For Critique By Social Theory. Current Perspectives in Social Theory. Vol. 21. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. hlm. 49–114. ISBN 978-0-7623-0762-3.
Pranala luar
Kutipan tentang perbudakan upah di Wikikutip
- (Inggris) How the Miners Were Robbed (Pamflet antikapitalis 1907 oleh John Wheatley)
- (Inggris) Kutipan dari Buckminster Fuller
- (Inggris) Three Addresses on the Relations Subsisting Between the White and Colored People of The United States
- (Inggris) Wage Labour and Capital
Aspek-aspek kapitalisme | |
|---|---|
| Umum | |
| Ideologi | |
| Budaya | |
| Sosial | |
| Kritik | |
| Antitesis | |
