Dasawatara (Dewanagari: दशावतार; ,IAST: Daśāvatāra,; daśa + avatāra 'sepuluh Awatara') mengacu kepada sepuluh awatara Wisnu yang utama. Dasa berarti sepuluh sedangkan awatara berarti penjelmaan (dalam hal ini adalah Wisnu).
Empat awatara pertama muncul pada masa Satyayuga (Yuga yang pertama di antara empat Yuga, atau siklus zaman dalam agama Hindu). Tiga awatara berikutnya muncul pada masa Tretayuga, yang kedelapan pada Dwaparayuga, dan yang kesembilan pada Kaliyuga. Yang kesepuluh diprediksi akan muncul pada akhir Kaliyuga, sekiar 427.000 tahun lagi.[1] Menurut Wisnupurana dan Bhagawatapurana, Kaliyuga akan berakhir dengan turunnya Kalki awatara, yang akan membinasakan kejahatan, membebaskan orang saleh, dan memulai Satyayuga yang baru.[2]
Anggota
Menurut Swami Parmeshwaranand, meskipun para awatara Wisnu berjumlah tidak terbatas dan mencakup beberapa resi, Manu, keturunan Manu, dan para dewa akibat kutukan dari Resi Bregu, kebanyakan merupakan penjelmaan sebagian saja. Dasawatara merupakan daftar sepuluh penjelmaan sepenuhnya.[3]
Ada berbagai versi dari daftar awatara Wisnu, tergantung kepada daerah atau tradisi.[4][5][6][7] Beberapa daftar mencantumkan Kresna sebagai awatara kedelapan, dan Buddha Gotama sebagai awatara kesembilan,[7] sedangkan versi lain menyatakan Balarama (Baladewa) sebagai awatara kedelapan dan Kresna yang kesembilan.[6] Versi ini diyakini oleh sejumlah umat Waisnawa yang tidak mau mengakui Buddha sebagai penjelmaan Wisnu.[8] Suatu daftar dalam kitab Mahabharata menyebut Rama (Bargawa), Rama (Dasarati), Satwata (Kresna atau Balarama),[9] ketiganya sebagai "Trirama". Kitab Tantra Prapancasara (diyakini sebagai karya Adi Shankara, tapi masih diragukan[10]) juga tidak menyertakan Buddha. Meskipun tidak ada daftar non-kontroversial yang dapat dipakai sebagai standar, daftar yang banyak ditemukan dalam pustaka Purana dan kitab-kitab lainnya mencantumkan Kresna dan Buddha.[9][11][12][13][14][note 1]
Tabel berikut ini merangkum posisi para awatara dalam daftar Dasawatara dalam sejumlah tradisi, tapi tidak mencakup semua:[4][5][6]
| No. | Bhagawatisme India Utara, Sadh Waisnawa, ISKCON[note 2][note 3] | Smarta, Saiwa Siddhanta, Sri Waisnawa[note 4] | Gaudiya Waisnawa, ISKCON[note 2][note 5] | Govardhan Math[note 6] | Warkari Sampradaya[note 7] | Yuga[5] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Matsya[5][6] (ikan) | Satyayuga[5] | ||||
| 2 | Kurma (awatara)[5][6] (kura-kura) | |||||
| 3 | Waraha[5][6] (babi hutan) | |||||
| 4 | Narasinga[5][6] (manusia singa) | |||||
| 5 | Wamana[5][6] (orang katai) | Tretayuga[5] | ||||
| 6 | Parasurama[5][6] (brahmana bersenjata) | |||||
| 7 | Rama[5][6][note 8] | |||||
| 8 | Kresna[5][note 2] | Balarama[5][4][6] | Balarama[18][19][note 2] | Balarama[4][15] | Kresna | Dwaparayuga,[5] Kali Yuga jika menyertakan Buddha[5] |
| 9 | Buddha[5][note 1] | Kresna[5][4][6] | Buddha[18][19][note 1] | Jagatnata[4][15] | Vithoba | |
| 10 | Kalki[5][6] (awatara terakhir di penghujung zaman) | Kaliyuga | ||||
Dalam Purana
Kitab Agnipurana, Padmapurana, Garudapurana, Linggapurana, Naradiyapurana, Skandapurana, dan Warahapurana menyebutkan daftar Dasawatara yang umum (menyertakan Kresna dan Buddha).[note 9] Kitab Garudapurana memiliki dua daftar, yang panjang memuat nama Kresna dan Buddha, sedangkan yang lainnya memuat Balarama dan Buddha, yang mengganti Wamana dengan Rama.[note 10] Kitab Siwapurana mencantumkan Balarama dan Kresna. Daftar dengan nama Kresna dan Buddha juga ditemukan dalam Saroddhara, suatu ulasan atau saripati dari kitab Garudapurana (bukan kitab Purana itu sendiri, yang sering dikelirukan demikian):
Matsya, Kurma, Waraha, Narasinga, Wamana, Parasurama, Rama, Kresna, Buddha, dan Kalki: Sepuluh nama ini mesti senantiasa direnungkan oleh orang bijaksana. Barangsiapa yang merapalkannya di dekat yang sakit maka disebut saudara.
— Garuda Purana Saroddhara by Navanidhirama (translated by E. Wood and S. V. Subrahmanyam), Chapter VIII, Verses 10–11[29][30]
Catatan kaki
- 1 2 3 Buddha as an avatar of Vishnu:
- Krishna, Buddha
- Bansal, Sunita Pant, Hindu Gods and Goddesses, p.27, "Vishnu Dashavatara";
- Dalal 2010, p. 112 "Dashavatara" Dalal: "The standard and most accepted list found in Puranas and other texts is: [...] Rama, Krishna, Buddha, Kalki";
- Doniger O'Flaherty 1994, hlm. 175 Doniger: "Visnu is generally said to have had ten incarnations [...] Krsna [...] the Buddha."
- Flood 1996, hlm. 116 Flood: "...by the eight century the standard number of descent-forms in the Vaisnava Puranas is ten. These are [...] Krsna, Buddha."
- Klostermaier 2007, "Visnu Avataras" Klostermaier: "The most common tradition speaks of ten such avataras [...] Krsna [...] Buddha."
- Krishna 2010, hlm. 28–29 Krishna: "Krishna [...] Buddha [...] There is a difference of opinion as to whether Buddha was an incarnation of Vishnu [...] The alternative then is Balarama, Rama of the plough and elder brother of Krishna, who is listed after Rama, thereby removing Buddha and making Krishna the ninth incarnation."
- Leeming, David Adams, A Dictionary of Asian Mythology, p. 19, "Avatar"
- Lochtefeld 2001, p. 73 "Avatar" Lochtefeld: "Although there is some variation in the list of Vishnu's Avatars, the generally accepted list is as follows [...] Krishna, Buddha."
- Vaswani 2017, hlm. 12–14;
- Wuaku 2013, hlm. 148
- Balarama, Buddha
- Nagaswamy 2010, hlm. 27
- Encyclopedia Britannica, Avatar
- Unspecified
- Holt, John Clifford (2008), The Buddhist Viṣṇu: Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture, p.14-15; p.372 note 9 refers to four Puranas which mention the Buddha in 9th position: Varaha Purana 4.2; Matsya Purana 285.6-7; Agni Purana 49.8; Bhagavata Purana X.40.22 and I.3.
- Krishna/Balarama, Buddha
- The Hare Krsnas, Incarnations of the Lord - Dasavatara - Ten Primary Visnu Incarnations. The Hare Krsnas refer to the eight avatar both as Krsna and as Balarama.
- 1 2 3 4 The Hare Krsnas, Incarnations of the Lord - Dasavatara - Ten Primary Visnu Incarnations. The Hare Krsnas refer to the eight avatar both as Krsna and as Balarama.
- ↑ (Leyden 1982, hlm. 22): Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra.
- ↑ (Leyden 1982, hlm. 22): Dekkan Selatan, Mysore.
- ↑ (Leyden 1982, hlm. 22): Rajasthan, Nepal, Dekkan Utara.[4]
- ↑ prabhat Mukherjee: Orissa;[15] Leyden: Benggala Barat
Orissa.[4] - ↑ Maharashtra, Goa.
- ↑ Donald J. LaRocca, Metropolitan Museum of Art, describes a katar with Rama-Krishna-Buddha, referring to Rama as Ramachandra, or alternately Balarama.[16] Yet, Hoiberg specifically states that Rama, as an avatar of Vishnu, is Ramachandra.[17]
- ↑ Dalam Purana:
- Agni, Chapter 49[20]
- Garuda (list 1), Volume 1, Chapter 86, Verses 10–11 (one of two lists)
- Linga, Part 2, Chapter 48, Verses 31-32[21]
- Narada, Part 4, Chapter 119, Verses 14–19[22]
- Padma, Part 7: 66.44–54; 71.23–29;[23] Part 9: 229.40–44[24]
- Waraha, Chapter 4, Verses 2-3; Chapter 48, Verses 17–22;[25] and Chapter 211, Verse 69[26]
- Skanda, Part 15: Reva Khanda: Chapter 151, Verses 1–7[27]
- ↑ Garuda list 2, Volume 3, Chapter 30, Verse 37[28]
Referensi
- ↑ B-Gita 8.17 Diarsipkan 2009-04-29 di Wayback Machine. "And finally in Kal-yuga (the yuga we have now been experiencing over the past 5,000 years) there is an abundance of strife, ignorance, irreligion and vice, true virtue being practically nonexistent, and this yuga lasts 432,000 years. In Kali-yuga vice increases to such a point that at the termination of the yuga the Supreme Lord Himself appears as the Kalki avatara"
- ↑ Klostermaier (2007) p. 495
- ↑ Swami Parmeshwaranand (2001-01-01). Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas (dalam bahasa Inggris). unknown library. Sarup & Sons. hlm. 131–132.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Leyden 1982, hlm. 22.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Vaswani 2017, hlm. 12-14.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Carman 1994, hlm. 211-212.
- 1 2 Wuaku 2013, hlm. 148.
- ↑ Krishna 2009.
- 1 2 Dalal 2010, hlm. 112.
- ↑ Avalon1935 (), hlm. 2.
- ↑ Lochtefeld 2001, hlm. 73.
- ↑ Doniger O'Flaherty 1994, hlm. 175.
- ↑ Klostermaier 2007.
- ↑ Krishna 2010, hlm. 28-29.
- 1 2 3 Mukherjee 1981, hlm. 155.
- ↑ LaRocca 1996, hlm. 4.
- ↑ Hoiberg 2000, hlm. 264.
- 1 2 Nagaswamy 2010, hlm. 27.
- 1 2 Morgan (1987), hlm. 55.
- ↑ J. L. Shastri, G. P. Bhatt (1998-01-01). Agni Purana Unabridged English Motilal (vol 1.). hlm. 1–38.
- ↑ J.L.Shastri (1951). Linga Purana – English Translation – Part 2 of 2. hlm. 774.
- ↑ N.A (1952). The Narada-Purana Part 4. Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi. hlm. 1486.
- ↑ N.A (1952). The Padma-Purana Part 7. Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi.
- ↑ The Padma-Purana Part 9. Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi. 1956.
- ↑ N.A (1960). The Varaha Purana Part 1. Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi. hlm. 13.
- ↑ The Varaha Purana Part 2. Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi. 1960. hlm. 652.
- ↑ N.A. (1957). The Skanda-Purana Part 15. Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi.
- ↑ N.A (1957). The Garuda-Purana Part 3. Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi.
- ↑ Subrahmanyam, S. V. (1911). The Garuda Purana. hlm. 62.
- ↑ "The Garuda Purana: Chapter VIII. An Account of the Gifts for the Dying". sacred-texts.com. Diakses tanggal 2019-10-31.
Daftar pustaka
- Almond, Philip C. (1988), The British Discovery of Buddhism, Cambridge University Press
- Avalon, Arthur (1935). Tantrik Texts Prapancha Sara Tantra Vol. XVIII. Arthur Avalon.
- Carman, John Braisted (1994), Majesty and Meekness: A Comparative Study of Contrast and Harmony in the Concept of God, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
- Dalal, Roshen (2010), Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide, Penguin Books India, ISBN 9780143414216
- Doniger O'Flaherty, Wendy (1994), Hindu Myths, Penguin Books India, ISBN 9780144000111
- Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0
- Hoiberg, Dale (2000), Students' Britannica India: M to S : (Miraj to Shastri) - Volume 4, Popular Prakashan, ISBN 9780852297605
- Holt, John C. (2013), The Buddhist Visnu: Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-02311-3-3234
- Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2007), Hinduism: A Beginner's Guide, Oneworld Publications
- Krishna, Nanditha (2009), Book of Vishnu, Penguin UK, ISBN 978-01430-6-7627
- Krishna, Nanditha (2010), The Book of Vishnu, Penguin Books India, ISBN 9780143067627
- LaRocca, Donald J. (1996), The Gods of War: Sacred Imagery and the Decoration of Arms and Armor, Metropolitan Museum of Art
- Leyden, Rudolf von (1982), Ganjifa: The Playing Cards of India, The Victoria and Albert Museum, ISBN 978-09052-0-9173
- Lochtefeld, James G. (2001), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Volume 1: A-M, The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc, ISBN 9780823931798
- Morgan, Kenneth W. (1987). The Religion of the Hindus. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0387-9.
- Mukherjee, Prabhat (1981), The history of medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa, Asian Educational Services, ISBN 9788120602298
- Nagaswamy, N. (2010), Mahabalipuram (Mamallapuram), Oxford University Press
- Sullivan, Bruce M. (2001), The A to Z of Hinduism, 2nd Edition, Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-08108-4-0706
- Vaswani, J.P. (2017), Dasavatara, Jaico Publishing House, ISBN 9789386867186
- Wuaku, Albert (11 Juli 2013). Hindu Gods in West Africa: Ghanaian Devotees of Shiva and Krishna. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-25571-5.
{{cite book}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
| Dasawatara |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Awatara lainnya | ||
*Urutan awatara Wisnu kedelapan dan kesembilan tergantung tradisi. Beberapa aliran Hindu memasukkan Buddha, sedangkan yang lain memasukkan Baladewa dan menghilangkan Kresna. | ||
