Front Barat (Perang Dunia II)

Front Barat
Bagian dari Palagan Eropa dalam Perang Dunia II
Searah jarum jam dari kiri atas: Rotterdam setelah Blitz, Pesawat Heinkel He 111 Jerman selama Pertempuran Britania Raya, Pasukan terjun payung Sekutu selama Operasi Market Garden, Pasukan Amerika berlarian melewati Wernberg, Jerman, Pengepungan Bastogne, pasukan Amerika mendarat di Pantai Omaha selama Operasi Overlord
Tanggal 3 September 1939 – 25 Juni 1940 (1939-09-03 – 1940-06-25) (fase pertama) 6 Juni 1944 – 8 Mei 1945 (1944-06-06 – 1945-05-08) (fase kedua)[a] Lokasi Eropa Utara dan Barat Hasil Kemenangan Sekutu Perubahan wilayah Pembagian Jerman (1945)
Pihak yang berperang
Sekutu 1939–1940  Prancis  Britania Raya  Polandia  Belanda Belgia  Luksemburg  Norwegia  Denmark (9 April 1940)  Kanada Cekoslowakia	Poros 1939–1940  Jerman  Italia
1944–1945  Amerika Serikat  Britania Raya  • Newfoundland[1][2][3] Prancis  Kanada  Polandia  Belgia  Luksemburg  Belanda  Norwegia Cekoslowakia Italia	1944–1945  Jerman  Republik Sosial Italia
Pemimpin atau tokoh terkemuka
1939–1940 Maurice Gamelin  Maxime Weygand  John Vereker, Lord Gort William Boyle, Lord Cork Władysław Sikorski Henri Winkelman  Leopold III  Émile Speller  Otto Ruge  William Prior  1944–1945 Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman Dwight D. Eisenhower Winston Churchill Bernard Montgomery Arthur Tedder Omar Bradley Jacob L. Devers George S. Patton Courtney Hodges William Simpson Alexander Patch Miles Dempsey Trafford Leigh-Mallory † Bertram Ramsay † Charles de Gaulle Jean de Tassigny Kenneth Stuart Harry Crerar Kazimierz Sosnkowski Stanisław Maczek	1939–1940 Walter von Brauchitsch Gerd von Rundstedt Erich von Manstein Heinz Guderian Fedor von Bock Wilhelm von Leeb Erich Raeder Nikolaus von Falkenhorst Pangeran Umberto 1944–1945 Adolf Hitler † Heinrich Himmler † Hermann Göring † Gerd von Rundstedt Karl Dönitz Günther von Kluge † Walter Model † Albert Kesselring Erwin Rommel † Johannes Blaskowitz † Hermann Balck Paul Hausser Benito Mussolini  Rodolfo Graziani
Kekuatan
1939–1940 7.650.000 pasukan (total)[4] 1944–1945 ~5.412.219 pasukan (jumlah total yang bertugas) 4.500.000 pasukan (total per Hari Kemenangan di Eropa)[5]	1939–1940 5.400.000 pasukan (total)[4] 1944–1945 ~8.000.000 pasukan (jumlah total yang bertugas)[6] ~1.900.000 pasukan (puncak)[7]
Korban jiwa dan kerugian
1940 2.121.560[b]–2.260.000[c] korban jiwa, termasuk 143.000 orang tewas dan hilang. 1944–1945 164.590–195.576 tewas/hilang 537.590 terluka 78.680 ditangkap[10][d] 10.561 tank hancur[13][14][15] 909 penghancur tank dihancurkan[16][14] Total: ~3,000,000 casualties (including 377,000-400,000 killed[17])	1940 160.780[e]–163.650 korban jiwa,[f] termasuk 49.000 orang tewas atau hilang 1944–1945 263.000–655.000 tewas[22][23][g] 400.000+ terluka[25] 4.209.840 ditangkap[h] Total: 5.000.000–5.400.000+ korban (termasuk 400.000–750.000 tewas)
Korban sipil: 1.650.000 tewas[i]

l b s Kampanye selama Perang Dunia II

Eropa Polandia Perang Palsu Finlandia Perang Musim Dingin Karelia Laplandia Denmark dan Norwegia Front Barat Prancis dan Benelux Britania Balkan Front Timur Italia Sisilia Asia-Pasifik Tiongkok Samudra Pasifik Pasifik Barat Daya Perang Prancis-Thailand Asia Tenggara Burma dan India Jepang Manchuria dan Korea bagian utara konflik perbatasan pra-perang Mediterania dan Timur Tengah Afrika Afrika Utara Afrika Timur Laut Mediterania Adriatik Malta Timur Tengah Irak Suriah–Lebanon Iran Dodekanisa Prancis Selatan Kampanye Lainnya Amerika Atlantik Pengeboman Strategis Madagaskar Perang Kontemporer Perang Sipil Tiongkok Perbatasan Soviet-Jepang Ekuador-Peru

l b s Front Barat

Pendahuluan 1939 Perang Phoney Saar Pertempuran Teluk Heligoland 1940 Luksemburg Belanda Den Haag Rotterdam Zeeland Pengeboman Rotterdam Belgia Benteng Eben-Emael Hannut Gembloux La Lys Prancis Sedan Montcornet Arras Lille Boulogne Calais Abbeville Paula Dunkerque Evakuasi Dunkerque Invasi Italia ke Prancis Saumur Britania Adlertag Hari Tersulit Hari Pertempuran Britania Singa Laut 1942–1943 Cerberus dan Donnerkeil Serangan St Nazaire Serangan Dieppe 1944–1945 Overlord Dragoon Garis Siegfried Market Garden Arnhem Hutan Hürtgen Aachen Queen Scheldt Bulge Nordwind Bodenplatte Kantung Colmar Kantung-kantung Atlantik Invasi Sekutu ke Jerman Kampanye-kampanye yang berstrategi The Blitz Mempertahankan Reich Serangan-Serangan ke Tembok Atlantik Pertempuran Atlantik

Front Barat dari kawasan Eropa saat Perang Dunia II terdiri dari Denmark, Norwegia, Luksemburg, Belgia, Belanda, dan Jerman Barat.^[36] Front Barat ini ditandai dengan 2 fase operasi skala besar. Fase pertama adalah dikuasai Belanda, Belgia, dan Prancis pada bulan Mei dan Juni 1940 oleh Nazi Jerman dan berlanjut pada peperangan udara antara Jerman dan Inggris (Pertempuran Britania). Fase kedua adalah peperangan darat skala besar yang dimulai dengan pendaratan pasukan sekutu di Normandia dan berlanjut sampai kalahnya Jerman bulan Mei 1945.

Referensi

• Clarke, Jeffrey J. & Smith, Robert Ross (1993). Riviera to the Rhine. United States Army in World War II., European theater of operations. Washington D.C.: Center of Military History. ISBN 978-0-16-025966-1. CMH Pub. 7-10.
• Ellis, John (1993). The World War II Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for all the combatants. BCA. ISBN 978-1-85410-254-6.
• Gootzen, Har and Connor, Kevin (2006). "Battle for the Roer Triangle" ISBN 978-90-90-21455-9.See Diarsipkan 2020-10-24 di Wayback Machine
• Hastings, Max. (2004). Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–1945. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-41433-9.
• MacDonald, Charles B. (1993) [1973]. The Last Offensive. United States Army in World War II., European theater of operations (Edisi Special commemorative). Washington D.C.: Center of Military History. OCLC 41111259. CMH pub. 7-9-1.
• Seaton, Albert (1971). The Russo-German War. New York: Praeger Publishers.
• Weigley, Russell F. (1981). Eisenhower's Lieutenants. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-13333-5.
• Willis, Frank Roy (1962). The French in Germany, 1945–1949. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
• Zaloga, Steve, and Dennis, Peter (2006). Remagen 1945: endgame against the Third Reich. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84603-249-0.
• Murray, Williamson and Millett, Alan R. (2000). A War to be Won: Fighting the Second World War. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00680-1.

Bacaan lebih lanjut

• Ellis, L. F. (1968). Victory in the West (Volume II). London: HMSO.
• Kurowski, Franz. (2005). Endkampf um das Reich 1944–1945. Erlangen: Karl Müller Verlag. ISBN 3-86070-855-4.
• Young, Peter, editor. World Almanac of World War II. St. Martin's Press.

Pranala luar

• (Inggris) Fron Barat di situs web militaryhistoryonline.com Diarsipkan 2018-09-15 di Wayback Machine
• (Inggris) Western European Jewry During the First Years of the Nazi Conquest Diarsipkan 2016-01-06 di Wayback Machine di situs web Yad Vashem

Basis data pengawasan otoritas
Nasional	Amerika Serikat Republik Ceko Israel
Lain-lain	Yale LUX

1. ↑ Interlude with only minimal large-scale military activity like the Dieppe Raid, excluding the Battle of Britain and The Blitz, between 25 June 1940 to 6 June 1944
2. ↑ Ellis provides no figure for Danish casualties, he places Norwegian losses at 2,000 killed or missing with no information provided on those wounded or captured. Dutch casualties are placed at 2,890 killed or missing, 6,900 wounded, with no information provided on those captured. Belgian casualties are placed at 7,500 killed or missing, 15,850 wounded, and 200,000 captured. French casualties amounted to 120,000 killed or missing, 250,000 wounded, and 1,450,000 taken prisoner. British losses totalled to 11,010 killed or missing, 14,070 wounded (only those who were evacuated have been counted), and 41,340 taken prisoner.^[8] Losses in 1940, according to Ellis's information, thus amount to 2,121,560.
3. ↑ 360,000 dead or wounded, and 1,900,000 captured^[9]
4. ↑ Ellis's numbers: American: 109,820 killed or missing, 356,660 wounded, and 56,630 captured; British: 30,280 killed or missing, 96,670 wounded, 14,700 captured; Canadian: 10,740 killed or missing, 30,910 wounded, 2,250 captured; French: 12,590 killed or missing, 49,510 wounded, 4,730 captured; Poles: 1,160 killed or missing, 3,840 wounded, 370 captured.^[11]
   Thus according to Ellis' information, the Western Allies incurred 783,860 casualties.
   US Army/Air Forces breakdown: According to a post-war US Army study using war records, the army and army air forces of the United States suffered 586,628 casualties in western Europe, including 116,991 killed in action and 381,350 wounded, of whom 16,264 later died of their wounds.^[12] Total US casualties come to 133,255 killed, 365,086 wounded, 73,759 captured, and 14,528 missing, two thousand of whom were later declared dead.
5. ↑ 43,110 Germans killed or missing, 111,640 wounded, no information is provided on any who were captured. Italian losses amounted to 1,250 killed or missing, 4,780 wounded, and no information is provided on any who were captured.^[8]
6. ↑ Germany: 157,621 casualties (27,074 dead (The final count of the German dead is possibly as high as 49,000 men when including the losses suffered by the Kriegsmarine, because of additional non-combat causes, the wounded who died of their injuries, and the missing who were confirmed as dead.^[18] However this higher figure has not been used in the overall casualty figure), 111,034 wounded, 18,384 missing,^[18][19][20] as well as 1,129 aircrew killed.^[21] Italy: 6,029 casualties (1,247 dead or missing, 2,631 wounded, and 2,151 hospitalised due to frostbite;^{[butuh rujukan]} Italian forces were involved in fighting in the French Alps, where severe sub-zero temperatures is common even during the summer.)
7. ↑ Based on extrapolations from a statistical sample (see German casualties in World War II), Overmans claims that losses on the Western Front amounted to 244,891 deaths (fallen, deaths from other causes or missing) in 1944 (Table 53, p. 266). As for 1945, Overmans claims that the German armed forces suffered 1,230,045 deaths in the "Final Battles" on the Eastern and Western Fronts from January to May 1945. This figure is broken down as follows (p. 272): 401,660 fallen, 131,066 dead from other causes, 697,319 missing. The number of missing obviously includes soldiers who fell into captivity and died there, possibly months or years later. (The number of deaths in captivity calculated by Overmans is about 459,000, thereof 363,000 in Soviet captivity (p. 286). Overmans' figure of deaths in Soviet captivity is about 700,000 lower than the number (ca. 1,094,000) established between 1962 and 1974 by a German government commission, the Maschke Commission. Overmans (p. 288f.) considers it "plausible, though not provable" that these additional 700,000 perished in Soviet captivity.) Nevertheless, Overmans claims (pp. 275, 279) that all 1,230,045 deaths occurred during the period from January to May 1945. He states that about 2/3 of these deaths occurred on the Eastern Front, without explaining how he arrived at this proportion (according to Table 59 on p. 277, there were 883,130 deaths on the Eastern Front between June and December 1944, and according to Table 53 on p. 266 there were 244,891 deaths on the Western Front in the whole of 1944; the relation between these two figures is 78.29% in the East vs. 21.71% in the West). This would leave 410,000 deaths attributable to the Western Allied invasion of Germany between January and May 1945. Overall Overmans estimates deaths on the Eastern Fronts (by all causes, including POW deaths) as 4 million, and deaths on all other fronts (including POW deaths and deaths attributable to bombing) as 1.3 million (p. 265). He believes the men reported as missing on the Eastern Front died either from combat or in captivity. On page 286, he estimates ~80,000 German troops died in Allied POW camps after the war: 34,000 in French camps, 22,000 in American camps, 21,000 in UK camps, and several thousand more in Belgian and Dutch camps.^[24]
8. ↑ Total German casualties between September 1939 to 31 December 1944, on the Western Front for both the army, Waffen SS, and foreign volunteers amounts to 128,030 killed, 399,860 wounded. 7,614,790 were held in POW camps by early June of 1945 (including 3,404,950 who were disarmed following the surrender of Germany)^[11] See also: Disarmed Enemy Forces
9. ↑ All totals listed only include direct deaths due to military activity and crimes against humanity, including the Holocaust.^[26]
   Germany: 910,000. 410,000 in Allied strategic bombing, 300,000 in the Holocaust not including Austrian civilian deaths or deaths from the Nazi T4 program.^[27] Counting the Aktion T4 program adds 200,000+ deaths to the total.^[28]
   France: 390,000. Includes 77,000 French Jews in the Holocaust.^[29]
   Netherlands: 187,300. Includes 100,000 Dutch Jews in the Holocaust.^[30]
   Belgium: 76,000. Includes 27,000 Belgian Jews in the Holocaust.^[31]
   United Kingdom: 67,200. Mostly died in German bombing.^[32]
   Norway: 8,200.^[33] Includes 800 Norwegian Jews in the Holocaust.
   Denmark: 6,000.^[34]
   Luxembourg: 5,000. Includes 2,000 Luxembourgish Jews.^[35]