- Artikel ini bukanlah mengenai N.S.Chandra Bose
Subhas Chandra Bose | |
|---|---|
 Bose, ca 1930-an | |
| Pemimpin Tentara Nasional India | |
| Masa jabatan 4 Juli 1943 – 18 Agustus 1945 | |
| Pendahulu | Mohan Singh dan Iwaichi Fujiwara pendiri Tentara Nasional India Pertama |
| Pengganti | Jabatan dihapus |
| Presiden All India Forward Bloc | |
| Masa jabatan 22 Juni 1939 – 16 Januari 1941 | |
| Pendahulu | Jabatan baru dibentuk |
| Pengganti | Sardul Singh Kavishar |
| Presiden Kongres Nasional India | |
| Masa jabatan 18 Januari 1938 – 29 Januari 1939 | |
| Pendahulu | Jawaharlal Nehru |
| Masa jabatan 29 Januari 1939 – 29 April 1939 | |
| Pengganti | Rajendra Prasad |
| Wali Kota Kolkatake-5 | |
| Masa jabatan 22 Agustus 1930 – 15 April 1931 | |
| Pendahulu | Jatindra Mohan Sengupta |
| Pengganti | Bidhan Chandra Roy |
| Informasi pribadi | |
| Lahir | Subhas Chandra Bose (1897-01-23)23 Januari 1897 Cuttack, Presidensi Bengal, India |
| Meninggal | 18 Agustus 1945(1945-08-18) (umur 48) Taihoku, Taiwan |
| Sebab kematian | Luka bakar derajat tiga akibat kecelakaan pesawat |
| Makam | Renkō-ji, Tokyo, Jepang |
| Partai politik | Kongres Nasional India All India Forward Bloc |
| Suami/istri | [a] |
| Anak | Anita Bose Pfaff |
| Orang tua |
|
| Pendidikan | Universitas Kolkata (BA) Universitas Cambridge (BA) |
Dikenal karena | |
| Tanda tangan |  |
| Julukan | Netaji |
Subhas Chandra Bose[b] (23 Januari 1897 – 18 Agustus 1945) adalah seorang nasionalis India yang menentang kolonialisme; sikapnya yang melawan otoritas Inggris di India menjadikannya sosok pahlawan bagi banyak orang India, namun aliansinya pada masa perang dengan Jerman Nazi dan Kekaisaran Jepang meninggalkan warisan yang sarat dengan kontroversi akibat otoritarianisme, antisemitisme, dan kegagalan militer. Gelar kehormatan Netaji (istilah bahasa Hindustan yang berarti "Pemimpin yang Dihormati") pertama kali disematkan kepada Bose di Jerman pada awal tahun 1942—oleh para tentara India dari Indische Legion serta oleh pejabat Jerman dan India di Biro Khusus untuk India di Berlin. Kini, gelar tersebut digunakan di seluruh penjuru India.[3][4][5]
Sebelumnya, Bose menjadi pemimpin muda, radikal, sayap Kongres Nasional India pada akhir 1920an dan 1930an, yang naik pangkat menjadi Presiden Kongres pada 1938 dan 1939.[6]
Kehidupan awal: 1897–1921
Subhas Bose, sedang berdiri, paling kiri, bersama dengan keluarga besarnya yang terdiri dari 14 bersaudara di Cuttack, sekitar 1905.
Jankinath Bose, ayah Subhas Bose, merupakan seorang pengacara berpengaruh di Cuttack.
Subhas Bose (sedang berdiri, kanan) bersama dengan teman-temannya di Inggris, 1920
Bose sebagai pelajar di Inggris.
Subhas Chandra Bose lahir pada 23 Januari 1897 (pada pukul 12.10 pm) di Cuttack, Divisi Orissa, Provinsi Bengal, dari pasangan Prabhavati Devi dan Janakinath Bose, seorang advokat.[7] Ia adalah anak kesembilan dari empat belas bersaudara. Ia dimasukkan ke Sekolah Eropa Protestan seperti saudara dan saudarinya yang lain pada Januari 1902.
Referensi
Catatan
Kutipan
- ↑ Hayes 2011, hlm. 15.
- ↑ Bose, Subhas Chandra (26 Juni 1943). "Speech of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, Tokyo, 1943". Prasar Bharati Archives. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 30 Januari 2021. Diakses tanggal 26 Januari 2021.
{{cite web}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - ↑ Hayes 2011, hlm. 165: Kutipan: "The most troubling aspect of Bose's presence in Nazi Germany is not military or political but rather ethical. His alliance with the most genocidal regime in history poses serious dilemmas precisely because of his popularity and his having made a lifelong career of fighting the 'good cause'. How did a man who started his political career at the feet of Gandhi end up with Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo? Even in the case of Mussolini and Tojo, the gravity of the dilemma pales in comparison to that posed by his association with Hitler and the Nazi leadership. The most disturbing issue, all too often ignored, is that in the many articles, minutes, memorandums, telegrams, letters, plans, and broadcasts Bose left behind in Germany, he did not express the slightest concern or sympathy for the millions who died in the concentration camps. Not one of his Berlin wartime associates or colleagues ever quotes him expressing any indignation. Not even when the horrors of Auschwitz and its satellite camps were exposed to the world upon being liberated by Soviet troops in early 1945, revealing publicly for the first time the genocidal nature of the Nazi regime, did Bose react."
- ↑ Stein 2010, hlm. 345": To many (Congress leaders), Bose's programme resembled that of the Japanese fascists, who were in the process of losing their gamble to achieve Asian ascendancy through war. Nevertheless, the success of his soldiers in Burma had stirred as much patriotic sentiment among Indians as the sacrifices of imprisoned Congress leaders. (p. 345)"
- ↑ Metcalf & Metcalf 2010, hlm. 210: Quote: "Marginalized within Congress and a target for British surveillance, Bose chose to embrace the fascist powers as allies against the British and fled India, first to Hitler's Germany, then, on a German submarine, to a Japanese-occupied Singapore. The force that he put together ... known as the Indian National Army (INA) and thus claiming to represent free India, saw action against the British in Burma but accomplished little toward the goal of a march on Delhi. ... Bose himself died in an airplane crash trying to reach Japanese-occupied territory in the last months of the war. His romantic saga, coupled with his defiant nationalism, has made Bose a near-mythic figure, not only in his native Bengal, but across India. It is this heroic, martial myth that is today remembered, rather than Bose's wartime vision of a free India under the authoritarian rule of someone like himself."
- ↑ Stein 2010, hlm. 305,325": Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Bose were among those who, impatient with Gandhi's programmes and methods, looked upon socialism as an alternative for nationalistic policies capable of meeting the country's economic and social needs, as well as a link to potential international support. (p. 325) (p. 345)"
- ↑ Marshall J. Getz (2002). Subhas Chandra Bose: A Biography. McFarland. hlm. 7–. ISBN 978-0-7864-1265-5. Diakses tanggal 13 Juni 2012.
Kutipan karya
- Aldrich, Richard J. (2000), Intelligence and the War Against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-64186-9, diakses tanggal 6 November 2013
{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Allen, Louis (2012), "The Campaigns in Asia and the Pacific", dalam John Gooch (ed.), Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War, London: Routledge, hlm. 162–191, ISBN 978-1-136-28888-3, diakses tanggal 7 November 2013
{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Bandyopādhyāẏa, Śekhara (2004), From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India, Orient Blackswan, ISBN 978-81-250-2596-2, diakses tanggal 21 September 2013
{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Bayly, Christopher Alan (2012), Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-139-50518-5, diakses tanggal 11 November 2013
{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Bayly, Christopher; Harper, Timothy (2007), Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-02153-2, diakses tanggal 21 September 2013
{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Bayly, Christopher; Harper, Timothy (2005), Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01748-1, diakses tanggal 22 September 2013
{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Bose, Sarmila (2005), "Love in the Time of War: Subhas Chandra Bose's Journeys to Nazi Germany (1941) and towards the Soviet Union (1945)", Economic and Political Weekly, 40 (3): 249–56
- Bose, Sugata (2011), His Majesty's Opponent: Subhas Chandra Bose and India's Struggle against Empire, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-04754-9, diakses tanggal 22 September 2013
{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Brown, Judith Margaret (1991), Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-05125-4, diakses tanggal 21 September 2013
{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Brown, Judith Margaret (1994), Modern India: the origins of an Asian democracy, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-873112-2, diakses tanggal 21 September 2013
{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Copland, Ian (2001), India, 1885–1947: the unmaking of an empire, Longman, ISBN 978-0-582-38173-5, diakses tanggal 22 September 2013
{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Fay, Peter Ward (1995), The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence 1942–1945, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 978-0-472-08342-8, diakses tanggal 10 November 2013
{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Gordon, Leonard A. (2006), "Legend and Legacy: Subhas Chandra Bose", India International Centre Quarterly, 33 (1): 103–12
- Gordon, Leonard A. (1990), Brothers against the Raj: a biography of Indian nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-07442-1, diakses tanggal 16 November 2013
{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Hayes, Romain (2011), Subhas Chandra Bose in Nazi Germany: Politics, Intelligence and Propaganda 1941–1943, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-932739-3, diakses tanggal 22 September 2013
{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Lebra, Joyce Chapman (2008a) [1977], The Indian National Army and Japan, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, ISBN 978-981-230-806-1, diakses tanggal 10 November 2013
{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Lebra, Joyce Chapman (2008b), Women Against the Raj: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, ISBN 978-981-230-809-2
- Low, D. A. (1993), Eclipse of Empire, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-45754-5, diakses tanggal 21 September 2013
{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Low, D. A. (2002), Britain and Indian Nationalism: The Imprint of Amibiguity 1929–1942, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-89261-2, diakses tanggal 21 September 2013
{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Mallmann, Klaus-Michael; Cüppers, Martin (2013), Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine, New York, NY; Washington DC: Enigma Books and United States Holocaust Museum, ISBN 978-1-929631-93-3, diakses tanggal 6 November 2013
{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - McLynn, Frank (2011), The Burma Campaign: Disaster Into Triumph, 1942–45, New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-17162-4, diakses tanggal 6 November 2013
{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012), A Concise History of Modern India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0, diakses tanggal 21 September 2013
{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Moreman, Tim (2013), The Jungle, Japanese and the British Commonwealth Armies at War, 1941–45: Fighting Methods, Doctrine and Training for Jungle Warfare, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-135-76456-2, diakses tanggal 7 November 2013
{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Pelinka, Anton (2003), Democracy Indian Style: Subhas Chandra Bose and the Creation of India's Political Culture, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 978-1-4128-2154-4, diakses tanggal 17 November 2013
{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Stein, Burton (2010), A History of India, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1, diakses tanggal 21 September 2013
{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Wolpert, Stanley A. (2000), A New History of India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-512877-2, diakses tanggal 6 November 2013
{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Wolpert, Stanley (2009), Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-539394-1, diakses tanggal 21 September 2013
{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
Pranala luar
Kutipan tentang Subhas Chandra Bose di Wikikutip
Media terkait Subhas Chandra Bose di Wikimedia Commons
Karya yang berkaitan dengan Subhas Chandra Bose di Wikisource
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- ↑ Menikah secara diam-diam tanpa upacara maupun saksi, serta tidak diakui secara terbuka oleh Bose.[1]
- ↑ /ʃʊbˈhɑːsˈtʃʌndrəˈboʊs/ shuub-HAHSS CHUN-drə BOHSS;[2] IPA: [ʃubʰaʃtʃɔn̪d̪rɔbɔʃu] ⓘ