Lobotomi

Artikel ini bukan mengenai Lobektomi.

Lobotomi
Intervensi
Sinonim	Leukotomi
ICD-9-CM	01.32
MeSH	D011612
[sunting di Wikidata]

Lobotomi, atau leukotomi, adalah bentuk perawatan bedah saraf untuk gangguan kejiwaan atau gangguan neurologis (misalnya epilepsi) yang melibatkan pemutusan koneksi di korteks prefrontal otak.^[1] Pembedahan ini menyebabkan sebagian besar koneksi ke dan dari korteks prefrontal, bagian anterior dari lobus frontal otak, terputus.

Pada masa lalu, perawatan ini digunakan untuk mengobati gangguan kejiwaan sebagai prosedur utama di beberapa negara. Prosedur ini kontroversial sejak awal penggunaannya, sebagian karena kurangnya pemahaman atas tingkat keparahan dan kronisitas penyakit kejiwaan yang parah dan bertahan lama, sehingga diklaim sebagai pengobatan yang tidak tepat.^[2] Bedah lobus frontal, termasuk lobotomi, adalah operasi kedua yang paling umum untuk epilepsi hingga hari ini, dan biasanya dilakukan pada satu sisi otak, tidak seperti lobotomi untuk gangguan kejiwaan yang dilakukan pada kedua sisi otak.^[3]

Pencetus prosedur ini, ahli saraf Portugis António Egas Moniz, berbagi Penghargaan Nobel untuk Fisiologi atau Kedokteran tahun 1949 untuk "penemuan nilai terapeutik leukotomi dalam psikosis tertentu",^{[n 1]} meskipun pemberian penghargaan ini telah menjadi subjek kontroversi.^[5]

Penggunaan prosedur ini meningkat secara dramatis dari awal tahun 1940-an hingga 1950-an; pada tahun 1951, hampir 20.000 lobotomi telah dilakukan di Amerika Serikat dan lebih banyak lagi secara proporsional di Britania Raya.^[6] Lebih banyak lobotomi dilakukan pada wanita daripada pria: sebuah studi tahun 1951 menemukan bahwa hampir 60% pasien lobotomi Amerika adalah wanita, dan data terbatas menunjukkan bahwa 74% lobotomi di Ontario dari tahun 1948 hingga 1952 dilakukan pada pasien wanita.^[7]^[8]^[9] Lobotomi mulai ditinggalkan pada tahun 1950-an,^[10] pertama di Uni Soviet^[11] dan Eropa.^[12] Istilah ini berasal dari bahasa Yunani: bahasa Yunani:λοβός lobos "lobus" dan τομή tomē "memotong, mengiris".

Lihat pula

Cingulotomi bilateral - penghancuran sebagian dari otak
Bioetika dan Etika medis
Gangguan lobus frontal
Cedera lobus frontal
Bedah jiwa (psychosurgery)
Sejarah bedah jiwa di Britania Raya

Catatan

↑ Walter Rudolf Hess, yang merupakan pemenang bersama dengan Moniz dari Penghargaan Nobel pada tahun 1949 untuk karyanya pada fungsi otak tengah, tidak memiliki keterlibatan dengan leukotomi.^[4]

Kutipan

↑ "Lobotomy: Definition, Procedure & History". Live Science. Diakses tanggal 28 Juni 2018.
↑ Raz 2009, hlm. 116
↑ Hirata, Sachiko; Morino, Michiharu; Nakae, Shunsuke; Matsumoto, Takahiro (Januari 2020). "Surgical Technique and Outcome of Extensive Frontal Lobectomy for Treatment of Intracable Non-lesional Frontal Lobe Epilepsy". Neurologia Medico-chirurgica. 60 (1): 17–25. doi:10.2176/nmc.oa.2018-0286. ISSN 0470-8105. PMC 6970070. PMID 31801933.
↑ Nobelprize.org 2013.
↑ Sutherland 2004
↑ Levinson, Hugh (8 November 2011). "The strange and curious history of lobotomy". BBC News. BBC.{{cite news}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
↑ Johnson, Jenell (2014). American Lobotomy: A Rhetorical History. University of Michigan Press. hlm. 50–60. ISBN 978-0472119448. Diakses tanggal 12 Agustus 2017.
↑ El-Hai, Jack (21 Desember 2016). "Race and Gender in the Selection of Patients for Lobotomy". Wonders & Marvels. Diakses tanggal 12 Agustus 2017.
↑ "Lobotomies". Western University. Diakses tanggal 12 Agustus 2017.
↑ Kalat, James W. (2007). Biological psychology (Edisi 9th). Belmont, California: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. hlm. 101. ISBN 9780495090793.
↑ Zajicek, Benjamin (2017). "Banning the Soviet Lobotomy: Psychiatry, Ethics, and Professional Politics during Late Stalinism". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 91 (1): 33–61. doi:10.1353/bhm.2017.0002. ISSN 1086-3176. PMID 28366896. S2CID 46563971.
↑ Gallea, Michael (Musim panas 2017). "A brief reflection on the not-so-brief history of the lobotomy". BCMedical Journal. 59: 302–04. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 7 Februari 2019. Diakses tanggal 4 Februari 2019.{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)

Sumber

Sumber cetak

Acharya, Hernish J..The Rise and Fall of Frontal Leucotomy.In:Whitelaw, W.A. (ed).The Proceedings of the 13th Annual History of Medicine Days.Calgary:2004.p. 32–41.
Arnold, William.Shadowland.Berkley Books;1982.ISBN 0-425-05481-0.
Bechterev, V.; Puusepp, L..La chirugie des aliénes [Surgery of the Insane].Archives Internationales de Neurologie.1912;34:1–17, 69–89.
Berrios, German E..The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz.History of Psychiatry.1997[Diambil 28 November 2009];8(1):61–81.doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905.PMID 11619209.
Bianchi, Leonardo.The Mechanism of the Brain and the Function of the Frontal Lobes.New York & Edinburgh:William Wood & Co; E.S Livingstone;1922.
Bigsby, C.W.E..A Critical Introduction to Twentieth-Century American Drama: Volume 2.Cambridge University Press;1985.ISBN 978-0-521-27717-4.
Bragg, Lynn.Myths and Mysteries of Washington.1st ed.TwoDot;2005.ISBN 978-0-7627-3427-6.^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
Braslow, Joel T..Effect of therapeutic innovation on perception of disease and the doctor-patient relationship: a history of general paralysis of the insane and malaria fever therapy, 1910–1950.American Journal of Psychiatry.May 1995;152(2):660–65.PMID 7726304.
Braslow, Joel T..Mental Ills and Bodily Cures: Psychiatric Treatment in the First Half of the Twentieth Century.University of California;1997.ISBN 0-520-20547-2.
Brickner, Richard M..An interpretation of frontal lobe function based upon the study of a case of partial bilateral frontal lobotomy.Research Publications – Association for Research for Nervous end Mental Disease.1932;13:259–351.
Brown, Edward M..Why Wagner-Jauregg won the Nobel Prize for discovering malaria therapy for General Paresis of the Insane.History of Psychiatry.2000[archived 4 January 2013];11(4):371–82.doi:10.1177/0957154X0001104403.
Cooper, Rachel.On deciding to have a lobotomy: either lobotomies were justified or decisions under risk should not always seek to maximise expected utility.Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy.2014;17(1):143–54.doi:10.1007/s11019-013-9519-8.
Cooter, Roger.Neuropatients in Historyland.In:Jacyna, Stephen J.; Casper, Stephen T. (eds).The Neurological Patient in History.Rochester, NY:University of Rochester Press;2012.ISBN 978-1-58046-412-3.p. 215–22.
Day, Elizabeth.He was bad, so they put an ice pick in his brain...The Guardian.12 January 2008[cited 31 March 2010].
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.Protection on Human Subjects: Use of Psychosurgery in Practice and Research: Report and Recommendations for Public Comment. Part 3.Federal Register.23 May 1977[archived 18 June 2013];42(99):26317–32.
Deutsch, Albert.Shame of the States.New York:Harcourt, Brace;1948.^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
Diefenbach, Gretchen; Diefenbach, Donald; Baumeister, Alan; West, Mark.Portrayal of lobotomy in the popular press: 1935–1960.Journal of the History of the Neurosciences.1999[archived 23 March 2010];8(1):60–69.doi:10.1076/jhin.8.1.60.1766.PMID 11624138.
Doby, T.Cerebral Angiography and Egas Moniz.American Journal of Roentgenology.1992;359(2):364.^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
El-Hai, Jack.The Lobotomist: A Maverick Medical Genius and His Tragic Quest to Rid the World of Mental Illness.Wiley;2005.ISBN 0-471-23292-0.
Feldman, Burton.The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige.Arcade Publishing;2001.ISBN 1-55970-592-2.
Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T..Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview.Neurosurgery.March 2001;48(3):647–57; discussion 657–59.doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041.PMID 11270556.
Finger, Stanley.Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations into Brain Function.Oxford:Oxford University Press;2001.ISBN 978-0-19-514694-3.
Ford, Paul J.; Henderson, Jaimie M..Functional neurosurgical intervention: neuroethics in the operating rooms.In:Illes, Judy (ed.).Neuroethics: defining the issues in theory, practice, and policy.Oxford University Press;2006.ISBN 978-0-19-856721-9.
Freberg, Laura A..Discovering Biological Psychology.2nd ed.Belmont, California:Wadsworth;2010.ISBN 0-547-17779-8.
Freeman, Walter; Watts, James W..Psychosurgery: An Evaluation of Two Hundred Cases over Seven Years.Journal of Mental Science.1944;90(379):532–37.doi:10.1192/bjp.90.379.532.
Gabbard, Glen O.; Gabbard, Krin.Psychiatry and the Cinema.2nd ed.American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.;1999.ISBN 978-0-88048-964-5.
Gilyarovsky, Vasily [Гиляровский, Василий].Учение Павлова – основа психиатрии [Pavlov's teaching is the basis of psychiatry].Медицинский работник [Health Worker].14 September 1950;(37).Russian.
Gilyarovsky, Vasily [Гиляровский, Василий].Избранные труды [Selected Works].Moscow:Медицина [Medicine];1973.Russian.p. 4.
Goldbeck-Wood, Sandra.Norway compensates lobotomy victims.British Medical Journal.21 September 1996;313(7059):708–09.doi:10.1136/bmj.313.7059.708a.PMID 11644825.
Green, Alexander; Astradsson, A.; Stacey, R.J.; Aziz, T.Z..Functional and epilepsy neurosurgery.In:Johnson, Reuben; Green, Alexander (eds).Landmark Papers in Neurosurgery.Oxford University Press;2010.ISBN 978-0-19-959125-1.
Grenander, M.E..Of Graver Import Than History: Psychiatry in Fiction.Journal of Libertarian Studies.1978[Diambil 22 January 2008];2(1):29–44.PMID 11614766.
Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon.Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources.Neurosurgical Focus.2011;30(2):8.doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214.PMID 21284454.
Healy, David.Some continuities and discontinuities in the pharmacotherapy of nervous conditions before and after chlorpromazine and imipramine.History of Psychiatry.January 2000;11(44):393–412.doi:10.1177/0957154X0001104405.
Heller, A. C.; Amar, A.P.; Liu, C.Y.; Apuzzo, M.L.J..Surgery of the mind and mood: A mosaic of issues in time and evolution.Neurosurgery.2006;59(4):727.
Hoenig, J..Schizophrenia.In:Berrios, German E.; Porter, Roy (eds).A History of Clinical Psychiatry: The Origin and History of Psychiatric Disorders.Athlone;1995.ISBN 0-485-24011-4.
Joanette, Yves; Stemmer, Brigitte; Assal, Gil; Whitaker, Harry.From theory to practice: the unconventional contribution of Gottlieb Burckhardt to psychosurgery.Brain and Language.1993;45(4):572–87.doi:10.1006/brln.1993.1061.PMID 8118674.
Kaempffert, Waldemar.Turning the Mind Inside Out.Saturday Evening Post.24 May 1941;213(47):18–19, 69–74.
Kolin, Philip.Something Cloudy, Something Clear: Tennessee Williams's Postmodern Memory Play.Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism.Spring 1998;12(2):35–55.
Kondratev, Fedor [Фёдор Кондратьев].Судьбы больных шизофренией: клинико-социальный и судебно-психиатрический аспекты [The fates of the ill with schizophrenia: clinico-social and forensico-psychiatric aspects].Moscow:ЗАО Юстицинформ [Closed joint-stock company Justitsinform];2010.Russian.
Kotowicz, Zbigniew.Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery.Gesnerus.2005[archived 15 December 2011;Diambil 26 November 2009];62(1/2):77–101.
Kotowicz, Zbigniew.Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39.History of Psychiatry.December 2008;19(4):476–89.doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345.PMID 19397090.
Kragh, J.V..Shock Therapy in Danish Psychiatry.Medical History.2010;54(3):341–64.doi:10.1017/S0025727300004646.PMID 20592884.
Levin, Harvey S.; Eisenberg, Howard M..Frontal Lobe Function and Dysfunction.Oxford:Oxford University Press;1991.ISBN 978-0-19-506284-7.
Lichterman, B.L..On the history of psychosurgery in Russia.Acta Neurochirugie.1993;125(1–4):1–4.doi:10.1007/BF01401819.PMID 8122532.
Maisel, Albert Q..Bedlam 1946, Most U.S. Mental Hospitals are a Shame and a Disgrace.6 May 1946.
Manjila, S.; Rengachary, S.; Xavier, A.R.; Parker, B.; Guthikonda, M..Modern psychosurgery before Egas Moniz: a tribute to Gottlieb Burckhardt.Neurosurgery Focus.2008;25(1):1–4.
Macmillan, M..An Odd Kind of Fame: Stories of Phineas Gage.MIT Press;2000.ISBN 0-262-13363-6.
Mareke, Arends; Fangerau, Heiner.Deep brain stimulation in psychiatric disorders.In:Fangerau, Heiner; Jörg, Fegert; Mareke, Arends (eds).Implanted Minds: The Neuroethics of Intracerebral Stem Cell Transplantation and Deep Brain Stimulation.Verlag;2010.ISBN 978-3-8376-1433-6.
Martin, Douglas.Janet Frame, 79, Writer Who Explored Madness.The New York Times.30 January 2004[cited 17 November 2007].
Mashour, George A.; Walker, Erin E.; Martuza, Robert L..Psychosurgery: Past, Present, and Future.Brain Research Reviews.2005[archived 17 January 2013];48(3):409–19.doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.09.002.PMID 15914249.
Meduna, L.J..Autobiography of L.J. Meduna.Convulsive Therapy.1985;1(1):43–57.PMID 11940805.
Moniz, Egas.Prefrontal Leucotomy in the Treatment of Mental Disorders (1937) American Journal of Psychiatry 1844–1944.American Psychiatric Publishing;1994.ISBN 978-0-89042-275-5.p. 237–39.
Nijensohn, DE.New evidence of prefrontal lobotomy in the last months of the illness of Eva Perón.World Neurosurgery.2012;77(3-4):582–90.doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2011.02.036.PMID 22079825.
Noll, Richard.The encyclopedia of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.Infobase Publishing;January 2007.ISBN 978-0-8160-6405-2.
Noyes, A.P.; Kolb, L.C..Modern clinical psychiatry.Philadelphia and London:W.B. Saunders;1962.
Ogren, K.; Sandlund, M..Psychosurgery in Sweden 1944–1964.Journal of the History of the Neurosciences.2005;14(4):353–67.doi:10.1080/096470490897692.PMID 16338693.
Partridge, Maurice.Pre-frontal leucotomy:.Oxford:Blackwell Scientific Publications;1950.
Pressman, Jack D..Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press;2002.ISBN 0-521-52459-8.
Prior, Alex.Music's boy wonder: Composer, conductor, singer ... and he's only fifteen.The Independent.6 February 2008[cited 11 July 2010].
Porter, Roy.The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present.Fontana Press;1999.ISBN 0-00-637454-9.
Puusepp, L..Alcune considerazioni sugli interventi chirurgici nelle malattie mentali [Some Considerations about Surgery in Mental Illness].G Accad Med Torino.1937;100:3–16.
Raz, Mical.Psychosurgery, Industry and Personal Responsibility, 1940–1965.Social History of Medicine.2009;23(1):116–33.doi:10.1093/shm/hkp061.
Raz, Mical.The lobotomy letters: the making of American psychosurgery.University of Rochester Press;2013.ISBN 9781580464499.
Reevy, Gretchen; Ozer, Yvette Malamud; Ito, Yuri.Encyclopedia of Emotion.ABC-CLIO;2010.ISBN 978-0-313-34576-0.
Sakas, Damianos E.; Panourias, L.G.; Singounas, E.; Simpson, B.A..Neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders: from the excision of brain tissue to the chronic electrical stimulation of neural networks.In:Sakas, D.E.; Simpson, B.A. (eds).Operative Neuromodulation. Functional Neuroprosthetic Surgery. Volume II: Neural Networks Surgery.Vol. 2.Springer;2007.ISBN 978-3-211-33081-4.p. 365–74.
Shorter, Edward.A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac.Wiley;1997.ISBN 0-471-24531-3.
Snyder, John; Steffen-Fluhr, Nancy.Overcoming Depression Without Drugs: Mahler's Polka With Introductory Funeral March.AuthorHouse;2012.ISBN 1-4685-4962-6.
Shutts, David.Lobotomy: resort to the knife.Van Nostrand Reinhold;1982.ISBN 978-0-442-20252-1.
Sargant, William; Slater, Elliot.An Introduction to Physical Methods of Treatment in Psychiatry.Williams & Wilkins;1963.
Steck, A.J..Milestones in the development of neurology and psychiatry in Europe.Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie.2010;161(3):85–89.doi:10.4414/sanp.2010.02153.
Stone, James L..Gottlieb Burckhardt – The Pioneer of Psychosurgery.Journal of the History of the Neurosciences.2001;10(1):79–92.doi:10.1076/jhin.10.1.79.5634.PMID 11446267.
Suchy, Yana.Clinical Neuropsychology of Emotion.Guilford Press;2011.ISBN 978-1-60918-072-0.
Swayze, V.W..Frontal leukotomy and related psychosurgical procedures in the era before antipsychotics (1935–1954): a historical overview.American Journal of Psychiatry.1995;152(4):505–15.doi:10.1176/ajp.152.4.505.PMID 7900928.
Szasz, Thomas.Coercion as Cure: A Critical History of Psychiatry.New Brunswick, New Jersey:Transaction;2007.ISBN 0-7658-0379-8.
Tierney, Ann Jane.Egas Moniz and the Origins of Psychosurgery: A Review Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Moniz's Nobel Prize.Journal of the History of the Neurosciences.April 2000;9(1):22–36.doi:10.1076/0964-704X(200004)9:1;1-2;FT022.PMID 11232345.
Tranøy, Joar.Lobotomy in Scandinavian psychiatry.The Journal of Mind and Behavior.1996[archived 26 May 2008];17(1):1–20.
Tranøy, Joar; Blomberg, Wenche.Lobotomy in Norwegian Psychiatry.History of Psychiatry.2005[archived 3 December 2007];16(1):107–10.doi:10.1177/0957154X05052224.
USSR Ministry of Health.Приказ МЗ СССР 1003 (9 декабря 1950) [Order 1003 (9 December 1950)].Невропатология и психиатрия [Neuropathology and Psychiatry].1951;20(1):17–18.Russian.
Valenstein, Elliot S..The Prefrontal Area and Psychosurgery.In:Uylings, H.B.M.; Van Eden, C.G.; De Bruin, J.P.C.; Corner, M.A.; Feenstra, M.G.P. (eds).The Prefrontal Cortex: Its Structure, Function and Pathology.Amsterdam & New York:Elsevier;1990.(Progress in Brain Research, Volume 85).ISBN 978-0-444-81124-0.p. 539–54.
Valenstein, Elliot A..History of Psychosurgery.In:Greenblatt, Samuel H. (ed.).A History of Neurosurgery: In Its Scientific and Professional Contexts.Contributing editors Dagi, T. Forcht; Epstein, Mel H..Park Ridge, IL:The American Association of Neurological Surgeons;1997.ISBN 978-1-879284-17-3.p. 499–516.
Weiss, Anthony P.; Rauch, Scott L.; Price, Bruce H..Neurosurgical intervention for psychiatric illness: past, present and future.In:Miller, Bruce L.; Cummings, Jeffrey L. (eds).The Human Frontal Lobes: Functions and Disorders.Guilford Press;2007.ISBN 978-1-59385-329-7.p. 505–17.
Whitaker, H.A.; Stemmer, B.; Joanette, Y..A psychosurgical chapter in the history of cerebral localization: the six cases of Gottlieb Burkhardt.In:Code, Christopher; Wallesch, C.-W.; Joanette Y.; Roch A. (eds).Classic Cases in Neuropsychology.Hove:Psychology Press;1996.ISBN 978-0-86377-395-2.p. 275–304.
Wiener, Norbert.Cybernetics.MIT Press;1948.ISBN 0-262-73009-X.
Williams, Tennessee.Suddenly Last Summer.Dramatists Play Service;1998.ISBN 978-0-8222-1094-8.
Wood, Jeffrey C.; Wood, Minnie.Therapy 101: A Brief Look at Modern Psychotherapy Techniques & How They Can Help.New Harbinger Publications;2008.ISBN 978-1-57224-568-6.
Wright, Frank Leon.Out of Sight, Out of Mind: A Graphic Picture of Present-day Institutional Care of the Mentally Ill in America, Based on More Than Two Thousand Eye-witness Reports.Philadelphia:Mental Health Foundation;1947.

Sumber daring

Dully, Howard.NPR."My Lobotomy": Howard Dully's Journey[podcast]; 16 November 2005[cited 28 November 2009].
Jansson, Bengt.Nobel Media[cited 24 January 2012].Controversial Psychosurgery Resulted in a Nobel Prize; 29 October 1998.
Macmillan, Malcolm.The Center for the History of Psychology, University of Akron, Ohio.The Phineas Gage Information Page: Lobotomy; 1999–2012[cited 21 March 2009].
Nobel Media.The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949 Walter Hess, Egas Moniz; 2013[cited 24 January 2013].
Sutherland, John.Should they de-Nobel Moniz?; 5 August 2004[cited 22 December 2011].