The White Man's Burden

"The White Man's Burden" ("beban orang kulit putih") adalah puisi karya penyair Inggris Rudyard Kipling.

Puisi ini awalnya diterbitkan di majalah McClure's tahun 1899 dengan subjudul The United States and the Philippine Islands.^[1] Puisi ini juga awalnya ditulis dalam rangka Diamond Jubilee Ratu Victoria, tetapi diganti dengan puisi "Recessional"; Kipling memasukkan kata "Burden" untuk mencerminkan kolonisasi Amerika Serikat di Filipina yang baru saja mengalahkan Spanyol dalam Perang Spanyol–Amerika Serikat.^[2] Puisi ini terdiri dari tujuh stanza dengan skema rima yang teratur. Secara gamblang, puisi ini tampak seperti perintah retoris kepada orang kulit putih untuk mengkoloni dan menguasai negara lain demi keuntungan orang kulit putih (baik rakyat maupun tugasnya dianggap mewakili kata "burden" atau "beban" di judul puisi).

Meski puisi Kipling mencampurkan desakan kolonisasi dengan peringatan akan biaya kolonisasi, kaum imperialis di Amerika Serikat menafsirkan frasa "beban orang kulit putih" sebagai pembenaran bahwa imperialisme adalah hal yang terhormat.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] Karena tema dan judulnya, puisi ini menjadi lambang rasisme Eurosentris dan aspirasi Barat untuk mendominasi negara-negara berkembang.^[8]^[9]^[10] Satu abad setelah terbit, puisi ini masih membangkitkan emosi yang kuat dan dapat dianalisis dari berbagai sudut pandang.

Lihat pula

Wikisumber memiliki naskah asli yang berkaitan dengan artikel ini:

en:The White Man's Burden

Catatan kaki

↑ "The White Man's Burden". McClure's Magazine 12 (Feb. 1899).
↑ Stephen Greenblatt (ed.), Norton Anthology of English Literature, New York 2006 ISBN 0-393-92532-3.
↑ Zwick, Jim (Desember 16, 2005). Anti-Imperialism in the United States, 1898–1935. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2002-09-16. Diakses tanggal 2015-06-03.{{cite book}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
↑ Miller, Stuart Creighton (1982). Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03081-9. p. 5: "...imperialist editors came out in favor of retaining the entire archipelago (using) higher-sounding justifications related to the "white man's burden."
↑ Judd, Denis (Juni 1997). "Diamonds are forever: Kipling's imperialism; poems of Rudyard Kipling". History Today. 47 (6): 37.{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link): "Theodore Roosevelt...thought the verses 'rather poor poetry, but good sense from the expansionist stand-point'. Henry Cabot Lodge told Roosevelt in turn: 'I like it. I think it is better poetry than you say'."
↑ Examples of justification for imperialism based on Kipling's poem include the following (originally published 1899–1902):
- Opinion archive, International Herald Tribune (Februari 4, 1999). "In Our Pages: 100, 75 and 50 Years Ago; 1899: Kipling's Plea". International Herald Tribune: 6.{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link): "An extraordinary sensation has been created by Mr. Rudyard Kipling's new poem, The White Man's Burden, just published in a New York magazine. It is regarded as the strongest argument yet published in favor of expansion."
- Dixon, Thomas (1902). The Leopard's Spots – A Romance of the White Man's Burden 1865–1900.. Full text of a novel by Thomas Dixon praising the Ku Klux Klan, published online by The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
↑ Pimentel, Benjamin (Oktober 26, 2003). The Philippines; "Liberator" Was Really a Colonizer; Bush's revisionist history. hlm. D3.{{cite book}}: |work= diabaikanPemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link): charactising the poem as a "call to imperial conquest".
↑ "Eurocentrism". In Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Ed. Thomas M. Leonard, Taylor & Francis, 2006, ISBN 0-415-97662-6, p. 636.
↑ Chisholm, Michael (1982). Modern World Development: A Geographical Perspective. Rowman & Littlefield, 1982, ISBN 0-389-20320-3, p.12.
↑ Mama, Amina (1995). Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender, and Subjectivity. Routledge, 1995, ISBN 0-415-03544-9, p. 39.

Referensi

A Companion to Victorian Poetry, Alison Chapman; Blackwell, Oxford, 2002.
Chisholm, Michael (1982). Modern World Development: A Geographical Perspective. Rowman & Littlefield, 1982, ISBN 0-389-20320-3.
Cody, David. The growth of the British Empire. The Victorian Web, University Scholars Program, National University of Singapore, November 2000.
Crosby, Ernest (1902). The Real White Man's Burden. Funk and Wagnalls Company, 32–35.
Dixon, Thomas (1902). The Leopard's Spots – A Romance of the White Man's Burden 1865–1900.
Encyclopedia of India. Ed. Stanley Wolpert. Vol. 3. Detroit: charles Scribner's Sons, 2006, p. 35–36. 4 vols.
"Eurocentrism". In Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Ed. Thomas M. Leonard, Taylor & Francis, 2006, ISBN 0-415-97662-6.
Greenblatt, Stephen (ed.). Norton Anthology of English Literature, New York 2006 ISBN 0-393-92532-3
Kipling. Fordham University. Full text of the poem.
Labouchère, Henry (1899). "The Brown Man's Burden"Diarsipkan 2009-06-22 di Wayback Machine.
Mama, Amina (1995). Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender, and Subjectivity. Routledge, 1995, ISBN 0-415-03544-9.
Miller, Stuart Creighton (1982). Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03081-9.
Murphy, Gretchen (2010). Shadowing the White Man’s Burden: U.S. Imperialism and the Problem of the Color Line. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-9619-1
Pimentel, Benjamin (October 26, 2003). "The Philippines; "Liberator" Was Really a Colonizer; Bush's revisionist history". The San Francisco Chronicle: D3.
Sailer, Steve (2001). "What Will Happen In Afghanistan?". United Press International, 26 September 2001.
"The White Man's Burden." McClure's Magazine 12 (Feb. 1899).
The Shining. Jack Nicholson's character Jack, uses the phrase to refer to whiskey.

Pranala luar

The text of the poem at Fordham University

Kolonisasi dan Dekolonisasi

Bumi

Penjelajahan	Eropa Amerika Afrika Asia Oseania Antarktika — Lautan dunia
Kolonisasi	Eropa Amerika Afrika Asia Oseania Antarktika Lautan dunia Bawah tanah
Dekolonisasi	Eropa Amerika Afrika Asia Oseania

Topik
umum

Penjelajahan	Sejarah maritim (Eropa) Zaman Penjelajahan Penemuan Tata Surya
Kolonisasi	Zaman kuno — Imperialisme Perusahaan piagam Politik intervensi Kolonialisme kronologi sejarah imperium Perang kolonial Saat ini: Tanpa pemerintahan mandiri Dependen Stasiun Luar Angkasa — Militarisasi luar angkasa Komersialisasi luar angkasa
Imperium modern	Seberang laut, besar: Britania Belanda Prancis Jerman Italia Portugal Spanyol Seberang laut, kecil: Amerika Serikat Australia Austria-Hungaria Belgia Denmark Selandia Baru Norwegia Polandia-Lithuania Swedia Cenderung bersambung: Amerika Serikat Cina Jepang Utsmaniyah Rusia Afrika Selatan
Dekolonisasi	Perang pembebasan nasional — Pendahulu negara berdaulat di Eropa di Amerika Selatan Tanggal pembentukan negara berdaulat
Pascakolonialisme	Kemerdekaan Pembangunan bangsa Neokolonialisme Pascakomunisme Pascakolonialisme (hubungan internasional)
Konsep serupa	Terra nullius Suku pribumi Suku tak terkontak

Luar angkasa

Penjelajahan	Merkurius Venus Bulan Lagrangian points Mars Phobos Ceres Asteroid Tata Surya terluar: Yupiter Europa Callisto Saturnus Titan Uranus Neptunus Objek trans-Neptunus Pluto
Kolonisasi	Merkurius Venus Bulan Lagrangian points Mars Phobos Ceres Asteroid Tata Surya terluar: Yupiter Europa Callisto Saturnus Titan Uranus Neptunus objek trans-Neptunus Pluto

l b s Rudyard Kipling
Novel	The Light that Failed (1891) Captains Courageous (1896) Kim (1901)
Koleksi	Plain Tales from the Hills (1888) Soldiers Three (1888) The Story of the Gadsbys (1888) In Black and White (1888) The Phantom 'Rickshaw and other Eerie Tales (1888) Under the Deodars (1888) Wee Willie Winkie and Other Child Stories (1888) From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel (1889) Barrack-Room Ballads (1892, poetry) The Jungle Book (1894) "Mowgli's Brothers" "Kaa's Hunting" "Tiger! Tiger!" "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi" The Second Jungle Book (1895) "Letting in the Jungle" "Red Dog" All the Mowgli Stories (c. 1895) The Day's Work (1898) Stalky & Co. (1899) Just So Stories (1902) Puck of Pook's Hill (1906) Rewards and Fairies (1910) The Fringes of the Fleet (1915, non-fiction) Debits and Credits (1926) Rudyard Kipling's Verse: Definitive Edition (1940)
Puisi	"The Absent-Minded Beggar" "The Ballad of the "Clampherdown"" "The Ballad of East and West" "The Bell Buoy" "The Betrothed" "Big Steamers" "Cold Iron" "Danny Deever" "The Female of the Species" "Fuzzy-Wuzzy" "Gentleman ranker" "The Gods of the Copybook Headings" "Gunga Din" "Hymn Before Action" "If—" "The King's Pilgrimage" "The Last of the Light Brigade" "The Lowestoft Boat" "Mandalay" "My Boy Jack" "Recessional" "A Song in Storm" "Sons of Martha" "Submarines" "The Sweepers" "Ubique" "The White Man's Burden" "The Widow at Windsor"
Cerita pendek	".007" "The Arrest of Lieutenant Golightly" "Baa Baa, Black Sheep" "The Butterfly that Stamped" "Consequences" "The Conversion of Aurelian McGoggin" "Cupid's Arrows" "Drums of the Fore and Aft" "False Dawn" "A Germ-Destroyer" "His Chance in Life" "His Wedded Wife" "In the House of Suddhoo" "Kidnapped" "Learoyd, Mulvaney and Ortheris" "Lispeth" "The Man Who Would Be King" "Miss Youghal's Sais" "The Mother Hive" "Ortheris" "The Other Man" "The Rescue of Pluffles" "The Ship that Found Herself" "The Sing-Song of Old Man Kangaroo" "The Taking of Lungtungpen" "Three and – an Extra" "The Three Musketeers" "Thrown Away" "Toomai of the Elephants" "Watches of the Night" "Yoked with an Unbeliever" "The Broken Link Handicap"
Terkait	Daftar pustaka Bateman's home Indian Railway Library The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer Iron Ring The Law of the Jungle Aerial Board of Control My Boy Jack (lakon 1997) My Boy Jack (film 2007)
Keluarga	Elsie Bambridge (putri) John Kipling (putra) John Lockwood Kipling (bapak) MacDonald bersaudara (keluarga ibu) Stanley Baldwin (sepupu) Edward Burne-Jones (paman) Edward Poynter (paman) Alfred Baldwin (paman)
Commons Wikiquote Teks Wikisource