Rusia apanase

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Rusia apanase,^[a]^[1] juga dikenal sebagai periode apanase,^[b]^[2] merujuk kepada sebuah periode dalam sejarah Rusia antara abad ke-12 dan ke-15.^[3]

Setelah disintegrasi Rus' Kiev, sebanyak puluhan kepangeranan independen timbul karena fragmentasi feodal.^[4] Kepangeranan-kepangeranan tersebut makin terfragmentasi karena kebiasaan para pangeran membagi wilayah mereka menjadi apanase, yang berujung pada kemunculan kepangeranan apanase yang lebih kecil.^[5] Contohnya, Kepangeranan Agung Vladimir terbagi dalam puluhan apanase pada akhir abad ke-13.^[6] Negeri-negeri tersebut, yang lebih dikenal sebagai kepangeranan-kepangeranan Rusia,^[c] diperintah oleh para pangeran dari dinasti Rurik.^[7] Dari masa itu, Rusia pada abad pertengahan meliputi sekumpulan kepangeranan bersama dengan dua kota-republik: Novgorod dan Pskov.^[8]

Pada akhir abad ke-15 dan awal abad ke-16, kepangeranan Rusia yang tersisa disatukan dengan Kepangeranan Agung Moskow, berujung pada pembuatan negara tersentralisasi.^[9] Akhir periode apanase biasanya ditandai dengan masa kekuasaan Ivan III (1462–1505) dan digantikan oleh periode baru dalam sejarah Rusia, yang dikenal sebagai Rusia Muscovite.^[10]

Catatan

↑ Rusia: Удельная Русь, alih aksara: Udelnaya Rus', har. 'Rus' apanase'.
↑ Rusia: Удельный период, период раздробленности.
↑ Rusia: русские княжества.

Referensi

↑ Riasanovsky 2005, hlm. 34–35; Ziegler 2009, hlm. 15; Pipes 1995, hlm. 48–57; Paxton 1993, hlm. 23–24, "The Kievan state collapsed in 1240 and the period that followed was known as Appanage Russia".
↑ Pipes 1995, hlm. 42, "The age when such subdividing took place – from the mid-twelfth to the mid-fifteenth century – is known in the historical literature as the 'appanage period' (udel'nyi period)"; Wieczynski 1976, hlm. 66.
↑ Ziegler 2009, hlm. 15; Wilbur 2004, hlm. 69, "Most historians since the nineteenth century—Russian, Soviet, and Western—have used the phrase 'appanage era' to designate the period between the collapse of Kievan Russia and the emergence of a centralized Russian state [...] The interpretation also set a new initial date for the era—the mid 1100s—which has become increasingly accepted by scholars in the field"; Riasanovsky 2005, hlm. 34–35; Pipes 1995, hlm. 42; Wieczynski 1976, hlm. 66, "A term often used to designate that period of Russian history from the collapse of the Kievan state to the rise of the Principality of Moscow and its political independence from the Mongols".
↑ Feldbrugge 2017, hlm. 307–308.
↑ Ziegler 2009, hlm. 15; Channon & Hudson 1995, hlm. 16; Feldbrugge 2017, hlm. 25, "the rulers of such principalities would then appoint subordinate princes to rule over what we designate as 'apanage principalities'. Russian sources often use udel'nye kniazhestva to refer to both categories. The difference is admittedly gradual; independent principalities all started out as apanage principalities and also an apanage principality could transform itself into an independent principality, given time, luck, and an adroit ruler".
↑ Fennell 2014, hlm. 163, "By the end of the thirteenth century the disintegration of Suzdalia was well under way with more than a dozen principalities virtually separated from Vladimir, their rulers out of the running for the grand-princely throne".
↑ Feldbrugge 2017, hlm. 307–311.
↑ Feldbrugge 2009, hlm. 264.
↑ Feldbrugge 2017, hlm. 329, 815, 825; Wilbur 2004, hlm. 69, "This tumultuous situation ended only as Moscow fashioned an autocracy capable of 'gathering the Russian lands'"; Wieczynski 1976, hlm. 66, "The period was ended by the centralizing policies of the princes of Moscow and their success in "gathering the Russian lands into one centrally administrated political, social and economic unit".
↑ Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2019, hlm. 35, "The long reign of Ivan III, from 1462 to 1505, has generally been considered, together with the following reign of Vasilii III, as the termination of the appanage period and the beginning of a new age in Russian history, that of Muscovite Russia"; Sashalmi 2022, hlm. 61, "Muscovite Russia (dated from 1462 onwards)"; Ziegler 2009, hlm. 24, "Ivan III... continued the process of gathering the Russian lands together, expanding and centralizing the Muscovite state and effectively ending the Appanage period".

Sumber

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