Palaeodictyoptera

Palaeodictyoptera Rentang waktu: 318–251 jtyl PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Karbon Akhir - Perem Akhir

Rekonstruksi Dunbaria fasciipennis
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:	Animalia
Filum:	Arthropoda
Kelas:	Insecta
Subkelas:	Pterygota
Superordo:	†Palaeodictyopterida
Ordo:	†Palaeodictyoptera Goldenberg, 1877
Taksa
Lihat teks

Palaeodictyoptera adalah sebuah ordo serangga paleoptera Paleozoikum berukuran sedang hingga sangat besar. Penemuan mereka berperan dalam mengetahui evolusi sayap dalam serangga.

Gambaran umum

Mereka dicirikan denagn bagian mulut mirip paruh, yang digunakan untuk menusuk jaringan tumbuhan saat makan. Terdapat kemiripan antara sayap depan dan belakang, serta terdapat sepasang sayap kecil di protoraksnya, di depan pasangan sayap pertama. Hal ini menyebabkan mereka dikenal sebagai "serangga bersayap enam".^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Sayap kecil ini memberi petunjuk dalam mempelajari kemunculan awal sayap pada serangga.

Beberapa jenis tumbuh hingga sangat besar. Contohnya, Mazothairos diperkirakan memiliki rentang sayap sekitar 55 sentimeter (22 in). Ciri khas lainnya adalah hadirnya serkus yang sangat panjang, sekitar dua kali lipat panjang tubuhnya.^[5]

Taksonomi

Suborder †Dictyoneurina Handlirsch 1906
- Superfamili †Calvertielloidea Martynov 1932
  - Famili †Calvertiellidae Martynov 1931
    - Genus †Calvertiella Tillyard 1925
    - Genus †Carrizopteryx Kukalová-Peck 1976
    - Genus †Lodetiella Béthoux et al. 2007
    - Genus †Moravia Kukalová 1964
    - Genus †Moraviptera Kukalová 1955
    - Genus †Sharovia Sinitshenkova 1977
    - Genus †Xiaheyanella Fu et al. 2015
- Superfamili †Dictyoneuroidea Handlirsch 1906
  - Famili †Dictyoneuridae Handlirsch 1906
    - Genus †Arltia Guthörl 1934
    - Genus †Cleffia Guthörl 1931
    - Genus †Dictyoneura Goldenberg 1854
    - Genus †Dictyoneurula Handlirsch 1906
    - Genus †Goldenbergia Scudder 1885
    - Genus †Hongius Özdikmen 2008
    - Genus †Kallenbergia Guthörl 1930
    - Genus †Macrodictya Guthörl 1940
    - Genus †Microdictya Brongniart 1894
    - Genus †Polioptenus Scudder 1885
    - Genus †Rotundopteris Guthörl 1940
    - Genus †Saarodictyum Guthörl 1939
    - Genus †Sagenoptera Handlirsch 1906
    - Genus †Schmidtopteron Brauckmann and Hahn 1978
    - Genus †Siberiodictya Sharov and Sinitshenkova 1977
    - Genus †Stenodictya Brongniart 1894
    - Genus †Stenodictyoneura Leriche 1911
    - Genus †Stilbocrocis Handlirsch 1906
  - Genus †Titanodictya Handlirsch 1906

Suborder †Frankenholziina Guthörl 1962
- Famili †Hanidae Kukalová-Peck 1975
  - Genus †Forcynthia Sinitshenkova 2004
  - Genus †Hana Kukalová-Peck 1975

Superfamili incertae sedis

Superfamili †Breyerioidea Handlirsch 1906
- Famili †Breyeriidae Handlirsch 1906
  - Genus †Aviobreyeria Prokop et al. 2013
  - Genus †Breyeria de Borre 1875
  - Genus †Hasala Brauckmann 1995
  - Genus †Jugobreyeria Brauckmann et al. 1985
  - Genus †Megaptiloides Handlirsch 1906
  - Genus †Stobbsia Handlirsch 1908
  - Genus †Vernooijia Prokop et al. 2018
- Famili †Cryptoveniidae Bolton 1912
  - Genus †Cryptovenia Bolton 1912

Superfamili †Eugereonoidea Sinitshenkova 2002
- Famili †Archaemegaptilidae Handlirsch 1919
  - Genus †Archaemegaptilus Meunier 1908
  - Genus †Haseneura Rosová et al. 2024
  - Genus †Osnabrugapteron Rosová et al. 2022
- Famili †Eugereonidae Handlirsch 1906
  - Genus †Dictyoptilus Brongniart 1894
  - Genus †Eugereon Dohrn 1866
  - Genus †Peromaptera Brongniart 1894
  - Genus †Sandiella Carpenter 1970
  - Genus †Valdeania Teixeira 1941
- Famili †Graphiptilidae Handlirsch 1906
  - Genus †Graphiptilus Brongniart 1894
  - Genus †Patteiskya Laurentiaux 1958
  - Genus †Rhabdoptilus Brongniart 1894
- Famili †Jongmansiidae Laurentiaux 1950
  - Genus †Jongmansia Laurentiaux 1950
  - Genus †Katosaxoniapteron Prokop et al. 2023
- Famili †Lithomanteidae Handlirsch 1906
  - Genus †Archaeophasma Matthew 1910
  - Genus †Catadyesthus Handlirsch 1906
  - Genus †Dyscritus Scudder 1868
  - Genus †Lithomantis Woodward 1876
  - Genus †Lusiella Laurentiaux and Teixeira 1958
- Famili †Lycocercidae Handlirsch 1906
  - Genus †Apopappus Handlirsch 1906
  - Genus †Lycocercus Handlirsch 1906
  - Genus †Lycodemas Carpenter and Richardson 1971
  - Genus †Lycodus Carpenter 1992
  - Genus †Madera Carpenter 1970
  - Genus †Notorachis Carpenter and Richardson 1971
- Famili †Namuroningxiidae Prokop and Ren 2007
  - Genus †Namuroningxia Prokop and Ren 2007
- Famili †Polycreagridae Handlirsch 1906
  - Genus †Polycreagra Handlirsch 1906
- Famili †Protagriidae Handlirsch 1906
  - Genus †Protagrion Brongniart 1894
- Famili †Synarmogidae Handlirsch 1910
  - Genus †Synarmoge Handlirsch 1910
- Famili †Tchirkovaeidae Sinitshenkova 1979
  - Genus †Paimbia Sinitshenkova 1979
  - Genus †Tchirkovaea Zalessky 1931

Superfamili †Spilapteroidea Brongniart 1894
- Famili †Fouqueidae Handlirsch 1906
  - Genus †Fouquea Brongniart 1894
  - Genus †Neofouquea Carpenter 1967
- Famili †Mecynostomatidae Kukalová 1969
  - Genus †Mecynostomata Metcalf 1952
- Famili †Spilapteridae Brongniart 1894
  - Genus †Abaptilon Zalessky 1946
  - Genus †Baeoneura Sinitshenkova 1977
  - Genus †Becquerelia Brongniart 1894
  - Genus †Bizarrea Prokop et al. 2015
  - Genus †Delitzschala Brauckmann and Schneider 1996
  - Genus †Dunbaria Tillyard 1924
  - Genus †Epitethe Handlirsch 1906
  - Genus †Epithele Handlirsch 1906
  - Genus †Homaloneura Brongniart 1885
  - Genus †Lamproptilia Brongniart 1885
  - Genus †Mcluckiepteron Richardson 1956
  - Genus †Neuburgia Martynov 1930
  - Genus †Palaeoptilus Brongniart 1894
  - Genus †Paradunbaria Sharov and Sinitshenkova 1977
  - Genus †Permiakovia Martynov 1940
  - Genus †Saxonyptilus Rosová et al. 2022
  - Genus †Sinodunbaria Li et al. 2013
  - Genus †Spilaptera Brongniart 1885
  - Genus †Spiloptilus Handlirsch 1906
  - Genus †Tectoptilus Kukalová 1969
  - Genus †Tytthospilaptera Liu et al. 2015
  - Genus †Vorkutoneura Sinitshenkova 1977

Famili incertae sedis

Famili †Elmoboriidae Carpenter 1976
- Genus †Elmoboria Carpenter 1976
- Genus †Oboria Kukalová 1960
Famili †Eubleptidae Handlirsch 1906
- Genus †Eubleptus Handlirsch 1906
Famili †Homoiopteridae Handlirsch 1906
- Genus †Adolarryia Kukalová-Peck and Richardson 1983
- Genus †Ametretus Handlirsch 1911
- Genus †Amousus Handlirsch 1911
- Genus †Anglopterum Prokop et al. 2006
- Genus †Boltonia Pruvost 1919
- Genus †Homoioptera Brongniart 1894
- Genus †Larryia Kukalová-Peck and Richardson 1983
- Genus †Mazonopterum Kukalová-Peck and Richardson 1983
- Genus †Mazothairos Kukalová-Peck and Richardson 1983
- Genus †Ostrava Kukalová 1960
- Genus †Paraostrava Prokop and Nel 2004
- Genus †Parathesoneura Sinitshenkova 1977
- Genus †Pharciphyzelus Beckemeyer and Engel 2011
- Genus †Scepasma Handlirsch 1911
- Genus †Thesoneura Carpenter 1943
- Genus †Turneropterum Kukalová-Peck and Richardson 1983
Famili †Homothetidae Scudder 1885
- Genus †Homothetus Scudder 1867
Famili †Megaptilidae Handlirsch 1906
- Genus †Lithoptilus Lameere 1917
- Genus †Megaptilus Brongniart 1885
Famili †Psychroptilidae Riek 1976
- Genus †Psychroptilus Riek 1976
Famili †Straeleniellidae Laurentiaux-Vieira and Laurentiaux 1986
- Genus †Straeleniella Laurentiaux-Vieira and Laurentiaux 1986

Genera incertae sedis

Genus †Achaeoptilus Scudder 1881
Genus †Aenigmatopsis Handlirsch 1937
Genus †Althansia Guthörl 1934
Genus †Anagesthes Handlirsch 1906
Genus †Anthracosta Pruvost 1930
Genus †Asiodictya Rohdendorf 1961
Genus †Bathytaptus Handlirsch 1906
Genus †Bojoptera Kukalová 1958
Genus †Brongniartites Handlirsch 1919
Genus †Brongniartula Handlirsch 1919
Genus †Commentryites Handlirsch 1922
Genus †Compsoneura Brongniart 1894
Genus †Delafondia Langiaux and Parriat 1975
Genus †Diexodus Handlirsch 1911
Genus †Eumecoptera Handlirsch 1906
Genus †Eurydictyella Carpenter 1986
Genus †Eurythmopteryx Handlirsch 1906
Genus †Gegenemene Handlirsch 1906
Genus †Haplophlebium Scudder 1867
Genus †Heolus Handlirsch 1906
Genus †Idoptilus Wootton 1972
Genus †Kansasia Tillyard 1937
Genus †Mammia Handlirsch 1906
Genus †Mecynoptera Handlirsch 1904
Genus †Mecynostomites Handlirsch 1919
Genus †Monsteropterum Kukalová-Peck 1972
Genus †Palaiotaptus Handlirsch 1906
Genus †Palapteris Guthörl 1940
Genus †Paraboltonia Handlirsch 1922
Genus †Paramecynostoma Handlirsch 1919
Genus †Paramegaptilus Handlirsch 1906
Genus †Platephemera Scudder 1867
Genus †Propalingenia Handlirsch 1906
Genus †Pseudomecynostoma Handlirsch 1919
Genus †Pteronidia Bolton 1912
Genus †Pyebrodia Brauckmann and Herd 2002
Genus †Rochdalia Woodward 1913
Genus †Saarlandia Guthörl 1930
Genus †Sabitaptus Pruvost 1930
Genus †Schedoneura Carpenter 1963
Genus †Severinopsis Kukalová 1958
Genus †Synaptoneura Pruvost 1919
Genus †Titanophasma Brongniart 1882
Genus †Turnbullia Richardson 1956

Referensi

↑ Parzer, Harald; Stansbury, Matthew (22 Oktober 2018). "Enriching Undergraduate Entomology Coursework through the Integration of Evolutionary Developmental Biology". The American Biology Teacher. 80 (8): 561–569. doi:10.1525/abt.2018.80.8.561.{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
↑ Tomoyasu, Yoshinori; Wheeler, Scott R.; Denell, Robin E. (Februari 2005). "Ultrabithorax is required for membranous wing identity in the beetle Tribolium castaneum". Nature. 433 (7026): 643–647. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..643T. doi:10.1038/nature03272. PMID 15703749.{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
↑ Elias-Neto, Moysés; Belles, Xavier (3 Agustus 2016). "Tergal and pleural structures contribute to the formation of ectopic prothoracic wings in cockroaches". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (8) 160347. Bibcode:2016RSOS....360347E. doi:10.1098/rsos.160347. PMC 5108966. PMID 27853616.{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
↑ Tomoyasu, Yoshinori (Januari 2018). "Evo–Devo: The Double Identity of Insect Wings". Current Biology. 28 (2): R75–R77. Bibcode:2018CBio...28..R75T. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.12.004. PMID 29374449.{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
↑ Hoell, H.V.; Doyen, J.T. & Purcell, A.H. (1998). Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity (Edisi 2nd). Oxford University Press. hlm. 321. ISBN 0-19-510033-6.

Insecta (Serangga)

Kerajaan: Animalia
Filum: Arthropoda
(tanpa tingkatan): Pancrustacea
Upafilum: Hexapoda

Hidup

Monocondylia	Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails)

D
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Apterygota *	Thysanura (Zygentoma) (gegat, firebrats)

P
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Palaeoptera

Ephemeropteroidea	Ephemeroptera (Lalat capung)
Odonatoptera	Odonata (capung)

N
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Polyneoptera

Dictyoptera	Blattodea (kecoa, rayap) Mantodea (belalang sentadu)

E
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Paraneoptera *	Psocodea (barklice, kutu) Thysanoptera (penggorok daun) Hemiptera (kepik)

E
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basal

Hymenoptera (tawon, lebah, semut)

Neuropteroidea

Coleopterida	Strepsiptera (lalat kipas) Coleoptera (kumbang)
Neuropterida	Raphidioptera (lalat ular) Megaloptera (alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies) Neuroptera (lalat jaring, undur-undur, lalat sentadu)

Panorpida
(Mecopterida)

Antliophora	Mecoptera (lalat kalajengking) + Siphonaptera (pinjal) Diptera (nyamuk, lalat)
Amphiesmenoptera	Trichoptera (caddisflies) Lepidoptera (kupu-kupu, ngengat)

Empat ordo dengan spesies terbanyak dicetak tebal
Kelompok parafiletik dicetak miring
Berdasarkan Sasaki et al. (2013)

Punah

Familia dan genus incertae sedis yang punah dicetak miring

Wikispecies

Pengidentifikasi takson
Palaeodictyoptera	Wikidata: Q136109 Wikispecies: Palaeodictyoptera CoL: 3QW EoL: 4219137 GBIF (old): 9713210 IRMNG: 11724 Open Tree of Life: 5320639 Paleobiology Database: 125754