Nomina sacra

Nomina sacra (bentuk tunggal/singular: nomen sacrum) artinya "nama-nama kudus" (bahasa Inggris:"sacred names" dalam bahasa Latin, dan dapat digunakan untuk merujuk tradisi penyingkatan penulisan nama-nama atau gelar-gelar kudus yang sering muncul dalam naskah-naskah Alkitab kuno, dalam bahasa Yunani, bahasa Latin, dan bahasa Koptik. Bruce Metzger dalam bukunya Manuscripts of the Greek Bible membuat daftar 15 ekspresi semacam itu dari naskah-naskah Papirus Yunani: yaitu kata-kata Yunani untuk Allah, Tuhan, Yesus, Kristus, Putra, Roh, Daud, salib, Ibu, Bapa, Israel, Juruselamat, Manusia, Yerusalem, dan sorga. Nama kudus (nomen sacrum) untuk "ibu" baru muncul pada abad ke-4 M,^[1] tetapi nama-nama kudus (Nomina Sacra) lain sudah ditemukan dalam naskah-naskah Yunani dari abad ke-1 sampai ke-3 M. Penyingkatan ini diindikasikan dengan tanda garis di atas huruf-huruf singkatan (overline).

Ada perdebatan mengenai hakikat Nomina sacra, apakah merupakan singkatan mempercepat penulisan (shorthand) atau kata-kata yang diberi garis di atasnya ini dianggap bermakna kudus.^[2]

Bermula dari abad ke-1 M (tidak diketahui pasti tarikhnya), nomina sacra sering disingkat dalam inskripsi-inskripsi Kristen, menghasilkan urut-urutan huruf Yunani seperti IH (iota-eta), IC (iota-sigma), atau IHC (iota-eta-sigma) untuk Yesus (dalam bahasa Yunani: Iēsous), serta XC (chi-sigma), XP (chi-ro) dan XPC (chi-rho-sigma) untuk Kristus (dalam bahasa Yunani: χριστος/Christos). Di sini huruf "C" melambangkan bentuk "lunate" untuk huruf Yunani sigma; sigma juga dialih aksarakan dalam abjad Latin melalui bunyinya, menghasilkan IHS dan XPS.^[3]

Tradisi ini juga ditemukan dalam naskah-naskah Nubia kuno dan Kiril. Lihat titlo.

Daftar Nomina Sacra bahasa Yunani

Makna	Kata Yunani	Bentuk subjek	Bentuk posesif (kata ganti kepunyaan)	Bentuk lain
Allah	Θεός	ΘΣ; θϲ	ΘΥ	θϲ (=θεόϲ), ΘΥ/θυ (=θεοῦ), ΘΩ/θω (=θεῷ), ΘΝ/θν (=θεόν)^[4]
Tuhan	Κύριος	ΚΣ	ΚΥ	ΚΕ, ΚΝ, ΚΩ
Yesus	Ἰησοῦς	ΙΣ	ΙΥ	ΙΝ
Kristus (=Mesias)	Χριστός	ΧΣ	ΧΥ
Putra	Υἱός	ΥΣ	ΥΥ
Roh	Πνεῦμα	ΠΝΑ	ΠΝΣ	ΠΝΑ, ΠΝΙ
Daud	Δαυὶδ	ΔΑΔ
Salib	Σταυρός	ΣΤΣ	ΣΤΥ	ϲτροϲ^[4]
Ibu	Μήτηρ	ΜΗΡ	ΜΗΣ
Bunda Allah	Θεοτόκος	ΘΚΣ	ΘΚΥ
Bapa	Πατήρ	ΠΗΡ	ΠΡΣ
Israel	Ἰσραήλ	ΙΗΛ
Juruselamat	Σωτήρ	ΣΗΡ	ΣΡΣ
Manusia	Ἄνθρωπος	ΑΝΟΣ	ΑΝΟΥ
Yerusalem	Ἱερουσαλήμ	ΙΛΗΜ
Sorga/langit	Οὐρανός	ΟΥΝΟΣ	ΟΥΝΟΥ

Pemakaian dalam naskah

Berikut ini adalah naskah-naskah Perjanjian Baru bahasa Yunani yang mengandung Nomina Sacra (100 - 300 M)^[5]

Naskah Yunani	Tarikh penulisan naskah	Nomina Sacra yang digunakan
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ¹ (P. Oxy. 2)	~250	ΙΥ ΙΣ ΧΥ ΥΥ ΚΥ ΠΝΣ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁴ (Suppl. Gr. 1120)	150–225	ΘΣ ΘΥ ΚΥ ΚΣ ΠΝΙ ΠΝΟΣ ΠΝΑ ΧΣ ΙΥ ΙΣ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁵ (P. Oxy. 208 + 1781)	~250	ΙΗΝ ΙΗΣ ΠΡ ΠΡΑ ΠΡΣ ΘΥ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁹ (P. Oxy. 402)	~250	ΘΣ ΧΡΣ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ¹² (P. Amherst. 3b)	~285	ΘΣ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ¹³ (P. Oxy. 657 + PSI 1292)	225–250	ΘΣ ΘΝ ΘΥ ΘΩ ΙΣ ΙΝ ΙΥ ΚΣ ΚΥ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ¹⁵ (P. Oxy. 1008)	200–300	ΚΩ ΚΥ ΧΥ ΑΝΩΝ ΑΝΩ ΠΝΑ ΘΝ ΚΜΟΥ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ¹⁶ (P. Oxy. 1009)	250–300	ΘΥ ΙΥ ΧΩ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ¹⁷ (P. Oxy. 1078)	~300	ΘΩ ΠΝΣ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ¹⁸ (P. Oxy. 1079)	250–300	ΙΗ ΧΡ ΘΩ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ²⁰ (P. Oxy. 1171)	200–250	ΠΝΣ ΚΝ ΘΥ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ²² (P. Oxy. 1228)	200–250	ΠΣ ΠΝΑ ΠΡΣ ΠΡΑ ΙΗΣ ΑΝΟΣ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ²⁴ (P. Oxy. 1230)	~300	ΠΝΑ ΘΥ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ²⁷ (P. Oxy. 1395)	200–250	ΘΥ ΚΩ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ²⁸ (P. Oxy. 1596)	255–300	ΙΣ ΙΝ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ²⁹ (P. Oxy. 1597)	200–250	ΘΣ ΘΝ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ³⁰ (P. Oxy. 1598)	200–250	ΚΥ ΚΝ ΘΩ ΙΗΥ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ³² (P. Rylands 5)	150–200	ΘΥ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ³⁵ (PSI 1)	~300	ΚΣ ΚΥ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ³⁷ (P. Mich. Inv. 1570)	~260	ΚΕ ΙΗΣ ΠΝΑ ΙΗΣΥ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ³⁸ (P. Mich. Inv. 1571)	~225	ΧΡΝ ΠΝΑ ΚΥ ΙΗΝ ΙΗΥ ΠΝΤΑ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ³⁹ (P. Oxy. 1780)	200–300	ΠΗΡ ΠΡΑ ΙΗΣ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁴⁰ (P. Heidelberg G. 645)	200–300	ΘΣ ΘΥ ΘΝ ΙΥ ΧΩ ΧΥ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁴⁵ (P. Chester Beatty I)	~250	ΚΕ ΚΣ ΚΝ ΚΥ ΣΡΝΑΙ ΙΗ ΙΥ ΙΗΣ ΠΡ ΠΡΣ ΠΡΑ ΠΡΙ ΘΥ ΘΝ ΘΩ ΘΣ ΠΝΙ ΠΝΣ ΠΝΑ ΥΝ ΥΕ ΥΣ ΥΩ ΣΡΝ ΧΡ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁴⁶ (P. Chester Beatty II + P. Mich. Inv. 6238)	175–225	ΚΕ ΚΝ ΚΥ ΚΩ ΚΣ ΧΡΩ ΧΡΥ ΧΡΝ ΧΝ ΧΣ ΧΩ ΧΥ ΧΡΣ ΙΗΥ ΙΗΝ ΙΗΣ ΘΩ ΘΥ ΘΝ ΘΣ ΠΝΑ ΠΝΙ ΠΝΣ ΥΙΥ ΥΙΝ ΥΙΣ ΥΝ ΣΤΡΕΣ ΣΤΡΝ ΣΤΡΩ ΣΤΡΟΣ ΣΤΡΟΥ ΕΣΤΡΟΝ ΕΣΤΡΑΙ ΕΣΤΑΝ ΣΤΟΥ ΑΙΜΑ ΑΝΟΥ ΑΝΟΝ ΑΝΟΣ ΑΝΩΝ ΑΝΟΙΣ ΠΡΙ ΠΗΡ ΠΡΑ ΠΡΣ ΙΥ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁴⁷ (P. Chester Beatty III)	200–300	ΘΥ ΘΣ ΘΝ ΘΩ ΑΘΝ ΚΣ ΚΕ ΚΥ ΕΣΤΡΩ ΠΝΑ ΧΥ ΠΡΣ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁴⁸ (PSI 1165)	200–300	ΥΣ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁴⁹ (P. Yale 415 + 531)	200–300	ΚΩ ΘΥ ΘΣ ΙΥ ΠΝ ΧΣ ΧΥ ΧΩ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁵⁰ (P. Yal 1543)	~300	ΙΛΗΜ ΠΝΑ ΑΝΟΣ ΘΣ ΘΥ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁵³ (P. Mich. inv. 6652)	~250	ΠΡΣ ΙΗΣ ΠΕΡ ΚΝ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁶⁴ (Gr. 17)	~150	ΙΣ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁶⁵ (PSI XIV 1373)	~250	ΧΥ ΘΣ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁶⁶ (P. Bodmer II + Inv. Nr. 4274/4298	150–200	ΚΣ ΚΥ ΚΕ ΘΣ ΘΝ ΘΥ ΘΩ ΙΣ ΙΝ ΙΥ ΧΣ ΧΝ ΧΝ ΥΣ ΥΝ ΥΩ ΠΝΑ ΠΝΙ ΠΝΣ ΠΗΡ ΠΡΑ ΠΡΣ ΠΡΙ ΠΕΡ ΠΡΕΣ ΑΝΟΣ ΑΝΟΝ ΑΝΟΥ ΑΝΩΝ ΑΝΩ ΑΝΟΙΣ ΑΝΟΥΣ ΣΡΩ ΣΡΟΝ ΣΡΟΥ ΣΡΘΗ ΣΡΑΤΕ ΣΡΩΣΩ ΕΣΡΑΝ ΕΣΡΘΗ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁶⁹ (P. Oxy. 2383)	~200	ΙΗΝ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁷⁰ (P. Oxy. 2384 + PSI Inv. CNR 419, 420)	250–300	ΥΝ ΙΣ ΠΗΡ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁷² (P. Bodmer VII and VIII)	200–300	ΙΥ ΙΗΥ ΙΗΝ ΧΡΥ ΧΡΝ ΧΡΣ ΧΡΩ ΘΥ ΘΣ ΘΝ ΘΩ ΠΡΣ ΠΑΡ ΠΤΡΑ ΠΡΙ ΠΝΣ ΠΝΑ ΠΝΑΙ ΠΝΙ ΠΝΤΙ ΚΥ ΚΣ ΚΝ ΚΩ ΑΝΟΙ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁷⁵ (P. Bodmer XIV and XV)	175–225	ΙΣ ΙΗΣ ΙΥ ΙΗΥ ΙΝ ΙΗΝ ΘΣ ΘΝ ΘΥ ΘΩ ΚΣ ΚΝ ΚΥ ΚΩ ΚΕ ΧΣ ΧΝ ΧΥ ΠΝΑ ΠΝΣ ΠΝΙ ΠΝΟΣ ΠΝΤΑ ΠΝΑΣΙ ΠΝΑΤΩΝ ΠΡΣ ΠΗΡ ΠΡΑ ΠΡΙ ΠΡΟΣ ΠΡ ΥΣ ΥΝ ΥΥ ΙΗΛ ΙΛΗΜ ΣΡΟΝ ΣΤΡΟΝ ΣΡΩΘΗΝΑΙ ΑΝΟΣ ΑΝΟΝ ΑΝΟΥ ΑΝΟΙ ΑΝΩΝ ΑΝΩ ΑΝΟΥΣ ΑΝΟΙΣ ΑΝΕ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁷⁸ (P. Oxy 2684)	250–300	ΚΝ ΙΗΝ ΙΗΝ ΧΡΝ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁹⁰ (P. Oxy 3523)	150–200	ΙΗΣ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁹¹ (P. Mil. Vogl. Inv. 1224 + P. Macquarie Inv. 360)	~250	ΘΥ ΘΣ ΠΡΣ ΧΡΝ ΙΗΝ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁹² (P. Narmuthis 69.39a + 69.229a)	~300	ΧΡΩ ΚΥ ΘΥ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ¹⁰⁰ (P. Oxy 4449)	~300	ΚΥ ΚΣ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ¹⁰¹ (P. Oxy 4401)	200–300	ΥΣ ΠΝΑ ΠΝΙ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ¹⁰⁶ (P. Oxy 4445)	200–250	ΠΝΑ ΠΝΙ ΧΡΣ ΙΗΝ ΙΗΣ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ¹⁰⁸ (P. Oxy 4447)	175–225	ΙΗΣ ΙΗΝ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ¹¹⁰ (P. Oxy. 4494)	~300	ΚΣ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ¹¹¹ (P. Oxy 4495)	200–250	ΙΗΥ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ¹¹³ (P. Oxy. 4497)	200–250	ΠΝΙ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ¹¹⁴ (P. Oxy. 4498)	200–250	ΘΣ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ¹¹⁵ (P. Oxy. 4499)	225–275	ΙΗΛ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΣ ΘΩ ΘΥ ΑΝΩΝ ΠΝΑ ΟΥΝΟΥ ΟΥΝΟΝ ΚΥ ΘΝ ΑΝΟΥ ΟΥΝΩ
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ¹²¹ (P. Oxy. 4805)	~250	ΙΣ ΜΗΙ
0162 (P. Oxy 847)	~300	ΙΗΣ ΙΣ ΠΡΣ
0171 (PSI 2.124)	~300	ΚΣ ΙΗΣ
0189 (P. Berlin 11765)	~200	ΑΝΟΣ ΠΝΑ ΚΥ ΚΩ ΙΛΗΜ ΘΩ ΙΣΗΛ
0220 (MS 113)	~300	ΚΝ ΙΥ ΙΝ ΧΥ ΘΥ

Referensi

↑ Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts - Philip Comfort and David Barett (1999) pp.34-35
↑ Institute for Religious Research: The Tetragrammaton and the Christian Greek Scriptures, Appendix K: Nomina SacraPDF (28.1 KiB)
↑ David Trobisch, Die Endredaktion des Neuen Testaments, NTOA 31 (Goettingen 1996), 16-31
1 2 Nomina sacra dalam P46
↑ Semua Nomina Sacra dan tarikh penulisan naskah diambil dari Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts - Philip Comfort dan David Barett (1999)

Pustaka tambahan

Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Nomina sacra.

Bruce M. Metzger. Manuscripts of the Greek Bible (1981).
Philip Comfort and David Barett. Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts (1999).
A.H.R.E. Paap, Nomina Sacra in the Greek Papyri of the First Five Centuries, Papyrologica Lugduno-Batava VIII (Leiden 1959).
Philip Comfort, Encountering the Manuscripts: An Introduction to New Testament Paleography and Textual Criticism, Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2005, pp. 199–253.
Larry W. Hurtado, The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Manuscripts and Christian Origins, Cambridge 2006, pp. 95–134.
Don C. Barker, "P.Lond.Lit. 207 and the origin of the nomina sacra: a tentative proposal", Studia Humaniora Tartuensia 8.A.2, 2007, 1–14.