| Bonus Army | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 Para demonstran Bonus Army (kiri) bentrok dengan polisi | |||
| Tanggal | Juli 28, 1932;94 tahun lalu (1932-07-28) | ||
| Lokasi | Washington, D.C., Amerika Serikat | ||
| Sebab | Kemiskinan yang dialami para veteran Perang Dunia I akibat Depresi Besar | ||
| Hasil | Para demonstran bubar, tuntutan ditolak, Herbert Hoover kalah telak dalam pemilihan presiden 1932 | ||
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Bonus Army adalah nama untuk sekelompok dari sekitar 43,000 pengunjuk rasa—17,000 veteran Perang Dunia I AS, keluarga mereka, dan kelompok yang berafiliasi—yang berkumpul di Washington, D.C. pada musim panas 1932 untuk meminta tebusan bayaran tunai dari sertifikat jasa mereka. Para penyelenggara menyebut para pengunjuk rasa tersebut dengan sebutan "Bonus Expeditionary Force", yang merujuk kepada plesetan nama dari American Expeditionary Forces pada Perang Dunia I, sementara media menyebut mereka "Bonus Army" atau "Bonus Marchers". Kelompok tersebut dipimpin oleh Walter W. Waters, seorang mantan sersan.
Catatan
Daftar pustaka
- Burner, David. (1979). Herbert Hoover: A Public Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN0-394-46134-7.
- Daniels, Roger. (1971). The Bonus March: An Episode of the Great Depression. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing. ISBN0837151740
- Dickson, Paul, and Thomas B. Allen. (2004). The Bonus Army: An American Epic. New York: Walker and Company. ISBN0-8027-1440-4.
- Dickson, Paul, and Thomas B. Allen. "Marching On History," in Smithsonian, February 2003
- James, D. Clayton. (1970). The Years of MacArthur, Volume I, 1880–1941. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC36211265
- Jenkins, Roy (2003). Franklin Delano Roosevelt. New York: Times Books. ISBN 9780805069594.
- Lisio, Donald J. (1974). The President and Protest: Hoover, Conspiracy, and the Bonus Riot. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press. ISBN082620158X
- Smith, Richard Norton. (1984). An Uncommon Man: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN0-671-46034-X.
- Liebovich, Louis W. (1994). Bylines in Despair: Herbert Hoover, the Great Depression, and the U.S. News Media ISBN0-275-94843-9
- Bennett, Michael J. (1999). When Dreams Come True: The GI Bill and the Making of Modern America ISBN1-57488-218-X
- Perret, Geoffrey (1996). "MacArthur and the Marchers" in MHQ: the Quarterly Journal of Military History. Vol 8, No 2 American Historical Publication, Inc
Bacaan tambahan
- Morrow, Felix. (1932). The Bonus March. International Pamphlets No. 31. New York: International Publishers. OCLC12546840
- Ortiz, Stephen R. 2006. "Rethinking the Bonus March: Federal Bonus Policy, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, and the Origins of a Protest Movement". Journal of Policy History. 18, no. 3: 275–303.
- Rawl, Michael J. (2006). Anacostia Flats. Baltimore: Publish America. ISBN978-1-413-79778-7.
- Smith, Gene. (1970). The Shattered Dream: Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression. New York: William Morrow and Company. OCLC76078
Pranala luar
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Bonus Army.
- Sheilah Kast (Februari 13, 2005). "Soldier Against Soldier: The Story of the Bonus Army". NPR: Weekend Edition Sunday.
{{cite news}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - The Bonus Army (EyeWitness to History)
- Vets Owe Debt to WWI's "Bonus Army from military.com
- FBI file on the Bonus Army
- The Sad Tale of the Bonus Marchers
- Memory: The Bonus Army March, Library of Congress
- Paul Dickson & Thomas B. Allen on The Bonus Army: An American Epic, a lecture recorded at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library
38°52′0.3″N 76°59′53″W / 38.866750°N 76.99806°W / 38.866750; -76.99806