Kerajaan Yunani Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος Vasílion tis Elládos | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1936–1941 | |||||||||||
| Semboyan: Eleftheria i Thanatos Ελευθερία ή θάνατος "Merdeka atau Mati" | |||||||||||
| Lagu kebangsaan: Ýmnos is tin Eleftherían Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν "Kidung Kemerdekaan" | |||||||||||
Lambang tak resmi | |||||||||||
.svg) | |||||||||||
| Ibu kota [[Daftar kota di {{{common_name}}}|(dan kota terbesar)]] | Athena | ||||||||||
| Bahasa umum | Bahasa Yunani | ||||||||||
| Agama | Ortodoks Yunani | ||||||||||
| Demonim | Orang Yunani | ||||||||||
| Pemerintahan | Monarki konstitusional uniter di bawah kediktatoran militer nonpartisan Metaxis | ||||||||||
| Raja | |||||||||||
• 1936–1941 | George II | ||||||||||
| Perdana Menteri | |||||||||||
• 1936–1941 | Ioannis Metaxas | ||||||||||
• 1941 | Alexandros Koryzis | ||||||||||
• 1941 | George II | ||||||||||
• 1941 | Emmanouil Tsouderos | ||||||||||
| Sejarah | |||||||||||
• Didirikan | 4 Agustus 1936 | ||||||||||
| 28 Oktober 1940 | |||||||||||
| 29 Januari 1941 | |||||||||||
| 6 April 1941 | |||||||||||
| 18 April 1941 | |||||||||||
| 23 April 1941 | |||||||||||
| Mata uang | Drachma Yunani | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Sekarang bagian dari |  Yunani | ||||||||||
.svg)
Rezim 4 Agustus (Yunani: Καθεστώς της 4ης Αυγούστου, alih aksara: Kathestós tis tetártis Avgoústou), yang juga lebih dikenal sebagai rezim Metaxas (Καθεστώς Μεταξά, Kathestós Metaxá), adalah sebuah rezim diktatorial di bawah kepemimpinan Jenderal Ioannis Metaxas yang memerintah Kerajaan Yunani dari 1936 sampai 1941.
Pada 4 Agustus 1936, Metaxas, dengan dukungan Raja George II, menangguhkan parlemen Yunani dan memimpin pemerintahan konservatif, sangat anti-komunis dan ultranasionalis di bawah ideologi Metaxisme, yang disebut sebagai sistem non-fasis konservatif otoritarian[1] atau, dalam kajian terkini, ragam fasisme Yunani;[2][3][4][a] sebuah posisi tengah yang menjadikan rezim tersebut dengan komponen fasis yang kuat[5] atau rezim para-fasis.[6] Metaxas sendiri dan beberapa sejarawan sejaman menyebut pemerintahan tersebut bersifat totalitarian.[7][8] Dalam simbolisme dan retorikanya, rezim tersebut mengambil inspirasi dari Fasis Italia, sebelum menjalin hubungan dekat dengan Inggris dan Republik Ketiga Prancis, alih-alih Blok Poros.
Catatan
- ↑ The 4th of August Regime synthesized elements of authoritarian conservatism—such as its reverence for the Orthodox Church—with fascist aesthetics, organizational methods, and ideological influences. Metaxas’s promotion of a "Third Hellenic Civilization" echoes similar narratives of national rebirth seen in the "Third Rome" (Fascist Italy) and the "Third Reich" (Nazi Germany), aligning with the fascist concept of national palingenesis. Thus, while Metaxas himself may not have been a fascist, there is a strong argument that the regime he led bore the hallmarks of fascism.
Kutipan
- ↑ Payne, Stanley G (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-14874-2.
- ↑ Cliadakis, Harry (2014). Fascism in Greece: The Metaxas Dictatorship 1936-1941. Verlag Franz Philipp Rutzen. ISBN 978-3-447-10188-2.[halaman dibutuhkan]
- ↑ Kallis, Aristotle (2010). "Neither Fascist nor Authoritarian: The 4th of August Regime in Greece (1936-1941) and the Dynamics of Fascistisation in 1930s Europe". East Central Europe. 37 (2–3): 303–330. doi:10.1163/187633010X534504.
- ↑ Kallis, Aristotle; Souvlis, George (16 November 2022). "Editorial Introduction: Re-assessing the Metaxas Dictatorship (1936–1941)—Greek Fascism or Old-Style Authoritarianism?". Fascism. 11 (2): 159–167. doi:10.1163/22116257-bja10047.
{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - ↑ Lee, Stephen J. (2016). European Dictatorships 1918-1945. doi:10.4324/9781315646176. ISBN 978-1-317-29422-1. OCLC 939519277.[halaman dibutuhkan]
- ↑ Griffin, Roger; Feldman, Matthew, ed. (2004). Fascism: The 'fascist epoch'. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-29019-7.[halaman dibutuhkan]
- ↑ Roberts, David D. (2016). Fascist Interactions: Proposals for a New Approach to Fascism and Its Era, 1919-1945. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-78533-130-5.[halaman dibutuhkan]
- ↑ Kallis, Aristotle A. (Juni 2007). "Fascism and Religion: The Metaxas Regime in Greece and the 'Third Hellenic Civilisation'. Some Theoretical Observations on 'Fascism', 'Political Religion' and 'Clerical Fascism'". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 8 (2): 229–246. doi:10.1080/14690760701321148.
{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
Referensi
- Clogg, Richard (1992). A Concise History of Greece. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37228-2.
- Clogg, Richard (1987). Parties and Elections in Greece: The Search for Legitimacy. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-0794-5.
- Hamilakis, Yannis (2007). The Nation and its Ruins: Antiquity, Archaeology, and National Imagination in Greece. doi:10.1093/oso/9780199230389.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-923038-9.
Bacaan tambahan
- Higham, Robin D. S.; Veremēs, Thanos, ed. (1993). The Metaxas Dictatorship: Aspects of Greece, 1936–1940. Hellenic Foundation for Defense and Foreign Policy (ELIAMEP). ISBN 978-960-7061-14-0. OCLC 1409559112.
- Hondros, John Louis (1983). Occupation and Resistance: The Greek Agony, 1941–44. Pella Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-918618-19-1.
- McNeill, William Hardy (1978). The Metamorphosis of Greece Since World War II. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-56156-1.
- Pelt, Mogens (Desember 2001). "The Establishment and Development of the Metaxas Regime in the Context of Nazi Fascism, 1936-41". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 2 (3): 143–172. doi:10.1080/714005461.
{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Vatikiotis, P.J., ed. (2014). Popular Autocracy in Greece, 1936-1941. doi:10.4324/9780203760956. ISBN 978-1-134-72926-5.
- Papacosma, S. Victor (2007). "Ioannis Metaxas and the 'Fourth of August' Dictatorship in Greece". Dalam Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (ed.). Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South Eastern Europe. Purdue University Press. hlm. 165–198. ISBN 978-1-55753-455-2.
- Petrakis, Marina (2006). The Metaxas Myth: Dictatorship and Propaganda in Greece. doi:10.5040/9780755621941. ISBN 978-1-8451-1037-6. OCLC 67140072.
- Woodhouse, Christopher Montague (1991). Modern Greece: A Short History. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-16122-5.
Pranala luar
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai 4th of August Regime.
- Metaxas Project, a website about 4 August state
- Symbols of the Metaxas regime
- Flagspot: The National Youth Organization
- ioannismetaxas.gr, a website about Ioannis Metaxas' life, made by his granddaughter
