Perlawanan sipil

Perlawanan sipil adalah suatu bentuk aksi politik yang mengandalkan penggunaan perlawanan tanpa kekerasan oleh orang-orang biasa untuk menantang kekuasaan, kekuatan, kebijakan atau rezim tertentu.^[1] Perlawanan sipil beroperasi melalui seruan kepada musuh, tekanan dan paksaan: ini dapat melibatkan upaya sistematis untuk merusak atau mengungkap sumber kekuatan musuh (atau pilar pendukung, seperti polisi, militer, pendeta, elit bisnis, dll.). Bentuk aksinya termasuk demonstrasi, berjaga-jaga dan petisi; pemogokan, pelambatan, boikot dan gerakan emigrasi; dan aksi duduk, pendudukan, program konstruktif, dan pembentukan lembaga pemerintahan paralel.

Beberapa motivasi gerakan perlawanan sipil untuk menghindari kekerasan umumnya terkait dengan konteks, termasuk nilai-nilai masyarakat dan pengalaman perang dan kekerasannya, daripada prinsip etis absolut apa pun. Kasus perlawanan sipil dapat ditemukan sepanjang sejarah dan dalam banyak perjuangan modern, melawan penguasa tirani dan pemerintah yang dipilih secara demokratis. Mahatma Gandhi memimpin kampanye perlawanan sipil pertama yang didokumentasikan (menggunakan tiga taktik utama: pembangkangan sipil, pawai, dan pembentukan institusi paralel) untuk membebaskan India dari imperialisme Inggris.^[2] Fenomena perlawanan sipil sering dikaitkan dengan pemajuan hak asasi manusia dan demokrasi.^[3]

Lihat pula

Referensi

↑ Examples of the use of the term "civil resistance" include Erica Chenoweth and Maria J. Stephan, Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict, Columbia University Press, New York, 2011; Howard Clark, Civil Resistance in Kosovo, Pluto Press, London, 2000; Sharon Erickson Nepstad, Nonviolent Revolution: Civil Resistance in the Late 20th Century Diarsipkan 20 Oktober 2012 di Wayback Machine, Oxford University Press, New York, 2011; Michael Randle, Civil Resistance, Fontana, London, 1994; Adam Roberts, Civil Resistance in the East European and Soviet Revolutions Diarsipkan 2012-12-13 di Wayback Machine, Albert Einstein Institution, Massachusetts, 1991.
↑ This is abstracted from the longer definition of "civil resistance" in Adam Roberts, Introduction, in Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 2–3. See also the short definition in Gene Sharp, Sharp's Dictionary of Power and Struggle: Language of Civil Resistance in Conflicts Diarsipkan 11 Oktober 2017 di Wayback Machine, Oxford University Press, New York, 2011, p. 87.
↑ See e.g. the report by Peter Ackerman, Adrian Karatnycky and others, How Freedom is Won. From Civil Resistance to Durable Democracy, Freedom House, New York, 2005 Diarsipkan 27 Mei 2006 di Wayback Machine

Bibliografi

Bartkowski, Maciej J. (ed.), Recovering Nonviolent History: Civil Resistance in Liberation Struggles, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, Colorado, 2013. ISBN 978-1-58826-895-2.
Carter, April, Howard Clark and Michael Randle (eds.), A Guide to Civil Resistance: A Bibliography of People Power and Nonviolent Protest, vol. 1, Green Print/Merlin Press, London, 2013. ISBN 978-1-85425-108-4. See also vol. 2, Merlin Press, 2015. ISBN 978-1-85425-113-8.
Chenoweth, Erica and Maria J. Stephan, Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict, Columbia University Press, New York, 2011. ISBN 978-0-231-15682-0 (hardback). In August 2012 this book won the Woodrow Wilson Foundation Award, given annually by the American Political Science Association for the best book on government, politics, or international affairs published in the US during the previous calendar year.
Chenoweth, Erica. 2021. Civil Resistance: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press.
Clark, Howard, Civil Resistance in Kosovo, Pluto Press, London, 2000. ISBN 0-7453-1574-7 (hardback).
Doudouet, Véronique, Civil Resistance and Conflict Transformation: Transitions from Armed to Nonviolent Struggle, Routledge, Abingdon, 2015. ISBN 9781138120143 (paperback).
Mallat, Chibli, Philosophy of Nonviolence: Revolution, Constitutionalism, and Justice beyond the Middle East, Oxford University Press, New York, 2015. ISBN 978-0-19-939420-3 (hardback).
Nepstad, Sharon Erickson, Nonviolent Revolution: Civil Resistance in the Late 20th Century Diarsipkan 20 Oktober 2012 di Wayback Machine, Oxford University Press, New York, 2011. ISBN 978-0-19-977821-8.
Randle, Michael, Civil Resistance, Fontana, London, 1994. ISBN 0-586-09291-9.
Roberts, Adam, Civil Resistance in the East European and Soviet Revolutions Diarsipkan 2012-12-13 di Wayback Machine (PDF available), Albert Einstein Institution, Cambridge, Mass., 1991. ISBN 1-880813-04-1.
Roberts, Adam and Timothy Garton Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-955201-6 (hardback); ISBN 978-0-19-969145-6 (paperback, 2011). US edition. On Google. Reviews available at Oxford University Research Project on Civil Resistance and Power Politics.
Roberts, Adam, Michael J. Willis, Rory McCarthy and Timothy Garton Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance in the Arab Spring: Triumphs and Disasters, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2016. ISBN 978-0-19-874902-8. US edition. Arabic language edition published by All Prints Publishers, Beirut, 2017. ISBN 978-9953-88-970-2.
Sharp, Gene, Sharp's Dictionary of Power and Struggle: Language of Civil Resistance in Conflicts Diarsipkan 11 Oktober 2017 di Wayback Machine, Oxford University Press, New York, 2011. ISBN 978-0-19-982989-7 (hardback); ISBN 978-0-19-982988-0 (paperback).
Zunes, Stephen, Civil Resistance Against Coups: A Comparative and Historical Perspective, ICNC Monograph Series, Washington DC, 2017.

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Ackerman, Peter and Jack DuVall, A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict, Palgrave, New York, 2000. ISBN 0-312-24050-3 (paperback).
Ackerman, Peter and Christopher Kruegler, Strategic Nonviolent Conflict: The Dynamics of People Power in the Twentieth Century, Praeger, Westport, Connecticut, 1994. ISBN 0-275-93916-2 (paperback).
Michael Beer, "Civil Resistance Tactics in the 21st Century". ICNC Press. ISBN 978-1-943271-40-5
Carter, April, People Power and Political Change: Key Issues and Concepts, Routledge, London, 2012. ISBN 978-0-415-58049-6.
Chakrabarty, Bidyut, ed., Nonviolence: Challenges and Prospects, Oxford University Press India, New Delhi, 2014. ISBN 9780198090380.
Davies, Thomas Richard, "The failure of strategic nonviolent action in Bahrain, Egypt, Libya and Syria: ‘political ju-jitsu’ in reverse", Global Change, Peace and Security, vol. 26, no. 3 (2014), pp. 299–313. ISSN 1478-1158.
Gee, Tim, Counterpower: Making Change Happen, New Internationalist, Oxford, 2011. ISBN 978-1-78026-032-7.
Howes, Dustin Ells, Freedom Without Violence: Resisting the Western Political Tradition, Oxford University Press, New York, 2016. ISBN 9780199336999.
King, Mary E., A Quiet Revolution: The First Palestinian Intifada and Nonviolent Resistance, Nation Books, New York, 2007. ISBN 1560258020.
Nepstad, Sharon, Nonviolent Struggle: Theories, Strategies, and Dynamics, Oxford University Press, New York, 2015. ISBN 9780199976041.
Pearlman, Wendy, Violence, Nonviolence and the Palestinian National Movement, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011. ISBN 110700702X.
Roberts, Adam, ed., The Strategy of Civilian Defence: Non-violent Resistance to Aggression, Faber, London, 1967. (Also published as Civilian Resistance as a National Defense, Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, USA, 1968; and, with a new Introduction on "Czechoslovakia and Civilian Defence", as Civilian Resistance as a National Defence, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, UK, and Baltimore, US, 1969. ISBN 0-14-021080-6.)
Schock, Kurt, Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements in Nondemocracies, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8166-4193-2.
Semelin, Jacques, Unarmed Against Hitler: Civilian Resistance in Europe, 1939–1943, Praeger, Westport, Connecticut, 1993. ISBN 0-275-93961-8.
Semelin, Jacques, La Liberté au Bout des Ondes: Du Coup de Prague à la Chute du Mur de Berlin, Nouveau Monde, Paris, 2009. ISBN 978-2-84736-466-8.
Semelin, Jacques, Face au Totalitarisme: La Résistance Civile, André Versaille, Brussels, 2011. ISBN 978-2-87495-127-5.
Sharp, Gene, The Politics of Nonviolent Action, Porter Sargent, Boston, 1973. ISBN 0-87558-068-8. Also in a 3-volume edition. ISBN 0-87558-070-X.
Sharp, Gene and others, Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice and 21st Century Potential, Porter Sargent, Boston, 2005. ISBN 978-0-87558-161-3.
Stephan, Maria J. (ed.), Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2009. ISBN 978-0-230-62141-1 (paperback).
Vinthagen, Stellan, A Theory of Nonviolent Action: How Civil Resistance Works Diarsipkan 21 November 2015 di Wayback Machine, Zed Books, London, 2015. ISBN 9781780325156 (paperback).