Paul Bowles

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Paul Bowles
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Temple name (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Posthumous name (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Biografi
Kelompok	manusia
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Kelahiran	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'. 30 Desember 1910 Queens ()
Kematian	18 November 1999 (88 tahun) Tangier ()
Penyebab kematian	Gagal jantung
Tempat pemakaman	Lakemont Cemetery (en)
Data pribadi
Kelompok etnik	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Ideologi politik	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Agama	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Pendidikan	Universitas Virginia Jamaica High School
Tangan utama	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Warna mata	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Warna rambut	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Kegiatan
Tesis akademis	[Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'. Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.] (Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.)
Penasihat doktoral	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Spesialisasi	Soundtrack (en)
Pekerjaan	penulis,fotografer,penyair,music critic (en) ,penggubah lagu,penerjemah,pemeran
Periode	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Periode aktif	(Floruit: Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.)
Bekerja di	School of Visual Arts California State University
Partai politik	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Tertarik dengan	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Genre	Opera, theatre (en) dan puisi
Aliran	Beat Generation (en)
Murid dari	Aaron Copland dan Virgil Thomson
Dipengaruhi oleh	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Nama pena	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Diwakili oleh	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Gaji pokok	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Total kekayaan	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Kesetiaan	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Cabang militer	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Pangkat militer	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Komando	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Konflik	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Time in space (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Aktivitas luar kendaraan	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
P450	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Ordo keagamaan	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Priestly ordination in the Roman rite (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Konsekrasi	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
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Celebration (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Ziarah	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Tanggal perayaan	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Iconographic symbol (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Domain of saint or deity (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Tipe suara	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Instrumen	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Label rekaman	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Related artists (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Musical conductor (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Patron of the arts (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Membela negara (untuk olahraga)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Olahraga	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Disiplin olahraga berkompetisi pada	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Competition class (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Liga	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Posisi dalam tim	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Tangan main	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Nomor punggung	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Co-driver (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Kepala pelatih	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Drafted by (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Kit supplier (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Karya kreatif
Murid doktoral	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Singkatan nama ahli botani	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Singkatan nama zoologi	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Lain-lain
Gelar bangsawan	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Keluarga	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Pasangan nikah	Jane Bowles (1938–1973)
Kekasih	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Anak	Kesalahan ekspresi: Operator < tak terduga
Orang tua	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'., Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Saudara	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Kerabat	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Tuntutan hukum yang diterima	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Dinyatakan bersalah atas	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Penghargaan (1941)  Guggenheim Fellowship (en)
Tanda tangan [[Berkas:Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.|220x250px|alt=]]
[[Berkas:Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.|100px|alt= Lambang kebesaran Paul Bowles]]
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Templat:Escoltar
Situs web	paulbowles.org
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Paul Frederic Bowles (/boʊlz/; 30 Desember 1910 – 18 November 1999) adalah seorang komposer, pengarang, dan penerjemah ekspatriat Amerika. Ia berasosiasi dengan Tangier, Maroko, dimana ia singgah pada 1947 dan hidup selama 52 tahun sampai akhir hayatnya.

Berasal dari sebuah keluarga kelas menengah berbudaya di New York City, dimana ia menyimpan bakat musik dan menulis, Bowles menjalani pendidikannya di University of Virginia sebelum membuat beberapa kunjungan ke Paris pada 1930an. Ia belajar musik dengan Aaron Copland, dan di New York menulis musik untuk produksi-produksi teatrikal, serta komposisi lainnya. Ia meraih kesuksesan kritis dan populer dengan novel pertamanya The Sheltering Sky (1949), yang berlatar belakang Afrika Utara Prancis, yang ia kunjungi pada 1931.

Pada 1947, Bowles menetap di Tangier, Maroko, dan istrinya Jane Bowles menyusul pada 1948. Kecuali untuk musim dingin yang dijalankan di Sri Lanka (saat itu dikenal dengan sebutan Ceylon) pada awal 1950an,, Tangier menjadi tempat tinggal Bowles selama sisa hidupnya. Ia menyimbolkan para imigran Amerika di kota tersebut.

Paul Bowles wafat pada 1999 di usia 88 tahun. Abunya dikubur di dekat makam keluarga di Pemakaman Lakemont, New York.

Referensi

Bacaan tambahan

Biografi dan memoir

• Paul Bowles: 2117 Tanger Socco, Robert Briatte (1989), ISBN2-259-02007-0 The first biography of Paul Bowles (in French)
• An Invisible Spectator: A Biography of Paul Bowles, Christopher Sawyer-Laucanno (1989)
• You Are Not I: A Portrait of Paul Bowles, Millicent Dillon (1998)
• Paul Bowles: A Life, Virginia Spencer Carr (2004), ISBN0-684-19657-3
• Isherwood, Bowles, Vedanta, Wicca, and Me, Lee Prosser (2001), ISBN0-595-20284-5
• Paul Bowles, Magic and Morocco, Allan Hibbard (2004), ISBN978-0-932274-61-8
• February House, Sherill Tippins (2005), ISBN0-618-41911-X
• Paul Bowles by his Friends, Gary Pulsifer (1992), ISBN0-7206-0866-X
• Second Son: an autobiography, David Herbert (1972), ISBN0-7206-0272-6
• The Sheltering Sky, (movie edition) Bertolucci and Bowles (1990), ISBN0-356-19579-1
• Here to Learn, Mark Terrill (2002), ISBN1-891408-29-1
• Yesterday's Perfume,Cherie Nutting with Paul Bowles (2000), ISBN0-609-60573-9
• "Tangier Love Story, Jane Bowles, Paul Bowles and Me", Carol Adman (2014), ASIN B00NMM642G

Kritisisme kesusastraan Paul Bowles

• Paul Bowles: Romantic Savage, Gena Dagel Caponi (1994), ISBN0-8093-1923-3
• Paul Bowles: The Inner Geography, Wayne Pounds (1985), ISBN0-8204-0192-7
• Paul Bowles: The Illumination of North Africa, Lawrence D. Stewart (1974), ISBN0-8093-0651-4
• Paul Bowles: Twayne's Authors Series, Gena Dagel Caponi (1998), ISBN0-8057-4560-2
• The Fiction of Paul Bowles: The Soul is the Weariest Part of the Body, Hans Bertens (1979), ISBN90-6203-992-8

Wawancara yang diterbitkan dengan Bowles

• Conversations with Paul Bowles, Gena Dagel Caponi (1993), ISBN0-87805-650-5
• Desultory Correspondence, Florian Vetsch (1997), ISBN3-9520497-7-8

Katalog dan edisi arsip tentang Bowles

• Paul Bowles: A Descriptive Bibliography, Jeffrey Miller (1986), ISBN0-87685-610-5
• Paul Bowles on Music, edited by Timothy Mangan and Irene Herrmann (2003), ISBN0-520-23655-6

Referensi lainnya

• Choukri, Mohamed (1997). Paul Bowles: Le Reclus de Tanger.
• Green, Michelle (1991). The Dream at the End of the World: Paul Bowles and the Literary Renegades in Tangier. ISBN 0-06-016571-5.
• Hopkins, John (1998). The Tangier Diaries. ISBN 93-227-4501-0.
• Oliver, Edgar (April 30, 2011). "Courting Paul Bowles in Tangier". The MOTH.{{cite news}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
• Woolman, David (1998). Stars in the Firmament: Tangier Characters 1660–1960. ISBN 1-57889-068-3.

Pranala luar

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• Situs web resmi

Tulisan dan musik

• Paul Bowles Collection Diarsipkan 2012-02-10 di Wayback Machine. at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
• Paul Bowles Online Exhibit, University of Delaware
• Paul Bowles audio and music web published on the Tellus Audio Cassette Magazine project archive at Ubuweb
• Music of Morocco: The Paul Bowles Recordings for the American Folklife Collection at archnet.org

Wawancara

Wawancara selengkapnya ada pada situs web resmi Paul Bowles

• Bailey, Jeffrey (Musim gugur 1981). "Paul Bowles, The Art of Fiction No. 67". Paris Review.{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
• "A Distant Episode: In Tangier with Paul Bowles", Poets & Writers Magazine, hlm. 36–39, Juli–Agustus 1999, diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2011-05-01, diakses tanggal 2017-07-04{{citation}}: Parameter tidak dikenal |dead-url= diabaikan (|url-status= disarankan)Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
• Clips of interviews with Bowles from the documentary Paul Bowles in Morocco
• "Paul Bowles, A Conversation with Bruce Duffie" (Bruce Duffie, May 1992)
• Templat:NewMusicBox
• "Stranger on a Strange Shore" (Gaither Stewart, Critique magazine, October 2000) Diarsipkan 2006-04-26 di Wayback Machine..

Pernyataan

• Paul Bowles’ Tangier and Fez, Mohamed Elkouche (from “Paul Bowles' Tangier and Fez: The Agony of Transition from Colonial to Post-colonial Times,” in Urban Generations: Post-Colonial Cities, Mohamed V University, Rabat, 2005.

Ulasan dan obituari

• Review of "The Sheltering Sky" Diarsipkan 2013-07-09 di Wayback Machine., Time, December 5, 1945
• Review of "Let It Come Down" Diarsipkan 2008-05-13 di Wayback Machine., Critique magazine
• Review of "The Spider's House", New York Times, 1955
• Review of "Up Above the World", The New York Times, 1966
• Obituary, Manchester Guardian, 19 November 1999
• Obituary, BBC World, 19 November 1999

Basis data pengawasan otoritas
Internasional	ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat
Nasional	Amerika Serikat Prancis Data BnF Jepang Italia Australia Republik Ceko Spanyol Portugal Belanda Norwegia Latvia Yunani Korea Swedia Polandia Israel Katalonia Belgia Kroasia
Akademik	CiNii
Seniman	ULAN MusicBrainz RKD Artists Museum of Modern Art Photographers' Identities FID
Orang	Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB
Lain-lain	IdRef SNAC Yale LUX