Orang Romawi

Orang Romawi
bahasa Latin: Rōmānī bahasa Yunani Kuno: Ῥωμαῖοι, Rhōmaîoi^[a]
Lukisan tembok abad ke-1 Masehi dari Pompeii yang menggambarkan perjamuan multigenerasi
Bahasa
Latin Yunani Klasik Bahasa lainnya
Agama
Kultus kekaisaran Agama Romawi Agama Helenistik Kekristenan
Kelompok etnik terkait
Orang-orang Italik kuno, orang-orang Mediterania kuno, orang-orang Roman modern dan orang Yunani modern

Orang Romawi adalah kumpulan dari warga negara Romawi (bahasa Latin:Rōmānī; bahasa Yunani Kuno:Ῥωμαῖοι Rhōmaîoi)^[a] selama Kerajaan Romawi, Republik Romawi, dan Kekaisaran Romawi. Konsep ini mengalami perubahan yang cukup besar sepanjang sejarah panjang peradaban Romawi, karena meluas dan menyempitnya perbatasan. Pada awalnya hanya mencakup orang Latin di Roma itu sendiri, kewarganegaraan Romawi diperluas ke orang-orang Italik lainnya per abad ke-1 SM dan hampir ke semua subjek kekaisaran Romawi pada zaman kuno akhir. Pada puncaknya, orang Romawi menguasai banyak wilayah di Eropa, Timur Dekat, dan Afrika Utara melalui penaklukkan yang dibuat selama Republik Romawi dan kemudian Kekaisaran Romawi.^[2] Meskipun biasanya didefinisikan sebagai kewarganegaraan, "ke-Romawi-an" juga telah dan secara beragam dideskripsikan sebagai identitas budaya, kebangsaan, atau multi-etnisitas yang akhirnya memiliki keragaman regional yang luas.^[3]^[4]^[b]^[5]^[6]

Pemberian kewarganegaraan, pertumbuhan demografis, dan koloni-koloni permukiman dan militer dengan cepat menaikkan jumlah warga negara Romawi. Kenaikan mencapai puncaknya dengan Konstitusi Antonininus tahun 212 Masehi oleh Kaisar Caracalla, yang memperluas hak kewarganegaraan kepada semua penduduk bebas di kekaisaran. Identitas Romawi memberikan rasa identitas bersama yang lebih besar dan menjadi penting ketika membedakannya dari orang non-Romawi, seperti pemukim dan penginvasi barbar.^[7]^[8] Budaya Romawi sangat jauh dari kata homogen; meskipun ada kesamaan budaya, salah satu kekuatan Kekaisaran Romawi juga adalah kemampuannya untuk menggabungkan tradisi dari budaya lain, terutama tetapi tidak secara khusus, Yunani.

Keruntuhan Kekaisaran Romawi Barat pada abad ke-5 mengakhiri dominasi politik Kekaisaran Romawi di Eropa Barat, tetapi identitas Romawi masih bertahan di barat sebagai sumber daya politik yang penting. Melalui kegagalan Kekaisaran Romawi Timur yang masih bertahan, juga disebut Kekaisaran Bizantium, untuk merebut kembali dan menjaga kendali di barat dan tekanan dari kerajaan-kerajaan Jermanik baru, identitas Romawi memudar di barat, kira-kira hilang pada abad ke-8 dan ke-9. Di timur yang berbahasa Yunani, masih berada di bawah kekaisaran, identitas Romawi bertahan hingga keruntuhan Kekaisaran Bizantium pada 1453 dan seterusnya.

Sementara identitas Romawi memudar di sebagian besar wilayah yang mana dulunya menonjol, untuk beberapa daerah dan masyarakat ini terbukti jauh lebih bertahan. Di Italia, "orang Romawi" (Romani dalam bahasa Latin dan Italia) terus menerus dan tanpa henti menjadi demonim bagi warga negara Roma dari pendirian kota hingga masa kini. Selama Kekaisaran Romawi Timur dan beberapa saat setelah keruntuhannya, orang Yunani dikenali sebagai Romioi, atau nama serupa. Di Swiss beberapa nama merujuk pada Romawi: Romand dan orang Romansh. Beberapa nama berasal dari bahasa Latin Romani (seperti orang Rumania, orang Aromania dan Istro-Rumania), atau dari bahasa Jermanik walhaz (istilah yang awalnya merujuk pada orang Romawi; diadopsi dalam bentuk Vlach sebagai penyebutan diri orang Megleno-Rumania).^[9]

Lihat pula

Catatan

1 2 Bahasa resmi di Kekaisaran Romawi adalah Latin dan Yunani.^[1]
↑ Meskipun bukan etnisitas dalam pengertian berbagi kesamaan garis genetik, orang Romawi dapat, menurut Diemen (2021) dan lainnya, dipandang sebagai etnisitas dalam pengertian "identitas sosial (berdasarkan kontras dengan yang lainnya) yang dicirikan dengan hubungan kekerabatan yang metaforis dan fiktif".^[4]

Referensi

Kutipan

↑ Rochette 2012, hlm. 553.
↑ Stouraitis 2018, hlm. 127.
↑ Gruen 2014, hlm. 426.
1 2 Diemen 2021, hlm. 47.
↑ Darling Buck 1916, hlm. 51.
↑ Faniko & Karamuço 2015, hlm. 3.
↑ Hope 1997, hlm. 118.
↑ Milavec 2020, hlm. 91–92.
↑ Pohl 2014, hlm. 417.

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