| Data klinis | |
|---|---|
| Nama lain | Mescalin; Mezcalin; Mezcaline; 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenethylamine; 3,4,5-TMPEA; TMPEA |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | entry |
| Rute pemberian | Oral, merokok, insuflasi, infus[1][2] |
| Kelas obat | Agonis reseptor serotonin; Psikedelik serotonergik; Halusinogen |
| Kode ATC |
|
| Status hukum | |
| Status hukum |
|
| Data farmakokinetika | |
| Metabolisme | Deaminasi oksidatif, N-asetilasi, O-demetilasi, konjugasi, lintasan lainnya[3][4] |
| Metabolit | • 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-acetaldehyde[1][3] • 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenylacetic acid[1] • 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenylethanol[4] • Others[2][3][4] |
| Onset aksi | Oral: 0.5–3 jam[1][2][5] |
| Waktu paruh eliminasi | 3.6 jam[5][6] |
| Durasi aksi | ≥10–12 hours[1][2][5] |
| Ekskresi | Urine (28–81% unchanged, 13–26% as TMPA)[1][2][3][4] |
| Pengenal | |
| |
| Nomor CAS |
|
| PubChem CID | |
| ChemSpider |
|
| UNII | |
| KEGG |
|
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| Ligan PDB | |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.174 |
| Data sifat kimia dan fisik | |
| Rumus | C11H17NO3 |
| Massa molar | 211,26 g·mol−1 |
| Model 3D (JSmol) | |
| Kerapatan | 1.067 g/cm3 |
| Titik leleh | 35 hingga 36 °C (95 hingga 97 °F) |
| Titik didih | 180 °C (356 °F) at 12 mmHg |
| Kelarutan dalam air | moderately soluble in water mg/mL (20 °C) |
| |
| |
| (verify) | |
Meskalina, dikenal sebagai meskalin atau mezkalina,[7] dan dalam istilah kimia yakni 3,4,5-trimetoksifenetilamina, adalah produk alami psikedelik protoalkaloid dari kelas fenetilamin, dikenal karena efek halusinogen yang sebanding dengan LSD dan psilosibin.[1][3][4][5] Ia mengikat dan mengaktifkan reseptor serotonin tertentu di otak, menghasilkan efek halusinogen.[1][5] Mescaline ditemukan secara alami di beberapa jenis kaktus seperti peyote dan San Pedro.
Penggunaan
Mescaline digunakan sebagai rekreasi, kerohanian (sebagai enteogen), dan kedokteran. Biasanya dikonsumsi melalui oral.
Dosis
Mescaline digunakan sebagai psikedelik pada dosis 100 hingga 1.000 mg secara oral.[5][8][9] Dosis rendah adalah 100 hingga 200 mg, dosis menengah atau dosis "efek baik" adalah 500 mg, dan dosis tinggi atau pembubaran ego adalah 1.000 mg.[5][8] Microdosing involves the use of subthreshold mescaline doses of less than 75 mg.[5][8]
Selain dalam bentuk murni, mescaline juga digunakan dalam bentuk kaktus yang mengandung mescaline seperti peyote dan San Pedro.
Referensi
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Vamvakopoulou IA, Narine KA, Campbell I, Dyck JR, Nutt DJ (Januari 2023). "Mescaline: The forgotten psychedelic". Neuropharmacology. 222: 109294. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109294. PMID 36252614.
{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) Pemeliharaan CS1: nomor artikel sebagai nomor halaman (link) - 1 2 3 4 5 Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Pereira CL, da Silva DD (2019). "Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Peyote and Mescaline: Clinical and Forensic Repercussions". Current Molecular Pharmacology. 12 (3): 184–194. doi:10.2174/1874467211666181010154139. PMC 6864602. PMID 30318013.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Cassels BK, Sáez-Briones P (Oktober 2018). "Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Mescaline". ACS Chem Neurosci. 9 (10): 2448–2458. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00215. PMID 29847089.
{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - 1 2 3 4 5 Doesburg-van Kleffens M, Zimmermann-Klemd AM, Gründemann C (Desember 2023). "An Overview on the Hallucinogenic Peyote and Its Alkaloid Mescaline: The Importance of Context, Ceremony and Culture". Molecules. 28 (24): 7942. doi:10.3390/molecules28247942. PMC 10746114. PMID 38138432.
{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Holze F, Singh N, Liechti ME, D'Souza DC (Mei 2024). "Serotonergic Psychedelics: A Comparative Review of Efficacy, Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Binding Profile". Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 9 (5): 472–489. doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.01.007. PMID 38301886.
{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - ↑ Ley L, Holze F, Arikci D, Becker AM, Straumann I, Klaiber A, et al. (Oktober 2023). "Comparative acute effects of mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide, and psilocybin in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study in healthy participants". Neuropsychopharmacology. 48 (11): 1659–1667. doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01607-2. PMC 10517157. PMID 37231080. In the present study, both 500 mg mescaline and LSD, but not psilocybin, enhanced circulating oxytocin. Therefore, the present study was the first to document elevated plasma oxytocin levels in response to mescaline as it was previously shown for LSD [24, 27, 28] and psilocybin [24]. In fact, 500 mg mescaline was the strongest releaser of oxytocin among the psychedelics that were tested herein. [...] As for its limitations; we failed to achieve instant dose equivalence, leading to a subsequent increase in the mescaline dose from 300 to 500 mg. The study thus tested two doses of mescaline against LSD and psilocybin. [...] Figure S4. Effects on plasma levels of oxytocin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Mescaline and LSD significantly increased plasma oxytocin levels compared with placebo. Oxytocin levels were significantly higher after mescaline (n = 32) compared with psilocybin.
{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - ↑ "Mescaline". PubChem (dalam bahasa Inggris). U.S. National Library of Medicine. Diakses tanggal 2024-10-22.
- 1 2 3 Liechti ME, Holze F (2022). "Dosing Psychedelics and MDMA". Disruptive Psychopharmacology. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. Vol. 56. hlm. 3–21. doi:10.1007/7854_2021_270. ISBN 978-3-031-12183-8. PMID 34734392.
- ↑ Luethi D, Liechti ME (Oktober 2018). "Monoamine Transporter and Receptor Interaction Profiles in Vitro Predict Reported Human Doses of Novel Psychoactive Stimulants and Psychedelics". Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 21 (10): 926–931. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyy047. PMC 6165951. PMID 29850881.
{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
Bacaan lebih lanjut
- Jay M (2019). Mescaline: A Global History of the First Psychedelic. Yale University Press.
- Klüver H (1942). "Mechanisms of hallucinations." (PDF). Dalam McNemar Q, Merrill MA (ed.). Studies in personality. McGraw-Hill. hlm. 175–207.
- Pollan M (2021). This Is Your Mind on Plants. Penguin Press. ISBN 9780593296905.
Pranala luar
- National Institutes of Health – National Institute on Drug Abuse Hallucinogen InfoFacts
- Mescaline - Isomer Design
- Mescaline - Erowid
- Mescaline - PsychonautWiki
- The Mescaline Garden, podcast
- Mescaline - PiHKAL - Erowid
- Mescaline - PiHKAL - Isomer Design
- Film of Christopher Mayhew's mescaline experiment di YouTube
- Mescaline: The Chemistry and Pharmacology of its Analogs, an essay by Alexander Shulgin
- Mescaline on the Mexican Border
- Mescaline: Peyote, San Pedro, & Peruvian Torch Cactus - Tripsitter
Kesimpulan
Meskalin adalah zat halusinogen alami dari kaktus yang digunakan dalam konteks spiritual, namun memiliki efek psikoaktif kuat dan risiko serius, sehingga diatur ketat oleh hukum di banyak negara.