Magnolia

Magnolia Rentang waktu: 75–0 jtyl^[1]^[2] PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Magnolia × wieseneri
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:	Plantae
Klad:	Tracheophyta
Klad:	Angiospermae
Klad:	Magnoliidae
Ordo:	Magnoliales
Famili:	Magnoliaceae
Genus:	Magnolia L.
Spesies
lihat teks
Sinonim^[3]
Alcimandra Dandy Aromadendron Blume Blumia Nees ex Blume Buergeria Siebold & Zucc. Champaca Adans. Dugandiodendron Lozano Elmerrillia Dandy Guillimia Rchb. Gwillimia Rottler ex DC. Houpoea N.H.Xia & C.Y.Wu Kmeria Dandy Kobus Kaempf. ex Salisb. Lassonia Buchoz Lirianthe Spach Liriopsis Spach Manglietia Blume Manglietiastrum Y.W.Law Metamagnolia Sima & S.G.Lu Michelia L. Micheliopsis H.Keng Oyama (Nakai) N.H.Xia & C.Y.Wu Pachylarnax Dandy Parakmeria Hu & W.C.Cheng Paramagnolia Sima & S.G.Lu Paramanglietia Hu & W.C.Cheng Paramichelia Hu Sampacca Kuntze Santanderia Cespedes ex Triana & Planch. Sinomanglietia Z.X.Yu Sphenocarpus Wall. Svenhedinia Urb. Talauma A.Juss. Tsoongiodendron Chun Tulipastrum Spach Woonyoungia Y.W.Law Yulania Spach

Magnolia adalah salah satu marga tumbuhan berbunga yang dikenal luas karena bunganya yang indah atau menyebarkan aroma yang harum. Anggotanya cukup besar, dan saat ini tengah mengalami revisi. Petunjuk-petunjuk molekuler memperlihatkan bahwa marga-marga seperti Talauma, Dugandiodendron, Manglietia, Michelia, Elmerrillia, Kmeria, Parakmeria, Pachylarnax, dan beberapa marga spesies tunggal layak dimasukkan ke dalam Magnolia s.l. (s.l. = sensu lato: 'dalam arti luas'; sebagai lawan dari s.s. = sensu stricto: 'dalam arti sempit'). Marga Magnolia s.s. mencakup sekitar 120 jenis saja. Nama marga ini diambil dari botaniwan Prancis, Pierre Magnol.

Marga Magnolia menunjukkan ciri-ciri evolusi primitif. Perhiasan bunganya tidak tersusun dalam lingkaran berlapis, seperti kebanyakan bunga, tetapi tersusun secara spiral. Fosil-fosilnya berumur sampai 20 juta tahun, sehingga diketahui bahwa Magnolia berevolusi lebih awal daripada lebah.^[4] Bunganya tidak dirancang untuk diserbuki oleh lebah tetapi kumbang.^[5]

Persebaran jenis-jenis Magnolia tidak kontinu. Pusat keanekaragaman utamanya adalah di Asia Tenggara dan Asia Timur. Pusat persebaran sekunder adalah di benua Amerika. Beberapa jenis Magnolia dikenal sebagai tumbuhan penghias kebun dan pelengkap upacara tradisional Nusantara, seperti cempaka dan kantil.

Daftar spesies^[6]

Subgenus Magnolia

Bagian Magnolia

Magnolia faustinomirandae A.Vázquez
Magnolia grandiflora L.
Magnolia guatemalensis Donn. Sm.
Magnolia guerrerensis J.Jiménez Ram., K.Vega & Cruz Durán
Magnolia iltisiana Vazquez
Magnolia krusei J.Jiménez Ram. & Cruz Durán
Magnolia oaxacensis A.Vázquez
Magnolia pacifica Vazquez
Magnolia panamensis Vazquez & Iltis
Magnolia pedrazae A.Vázquez
Magnolia poasana (Pittier) Dandy
Magnolia poqomchi M.J.Serrano & A.Vázquez^[7]
Magnolia schiedeana Schltdl.
Magnolia sharpii Meranda
Magnolia sororum Seibert
Magnolia tamaulipana Vazquez
Magnolia tarahumara (Vazquez) A.Vázquez
Magnolia vazquezii Cruz Durán & K.Vega
Magnolia virginiana L.
Magnolia yoroconte Dandy
Magnolia zamudioi A.Vázquez

Bagian Gwillimia

Subbagian Gwillimia

Magnolia albosericea Chun & Tsoong.
Magnolia bawangensis Law, R.Z.Zhou & D.M.Liu
Magnolia championii Benth
Magnolia clemensiorum Dandy
Magnolia coco (Lour.) DC.
Magnolia delavayi Franchet
Magnolia fistulosa (Finet & Gagnep.) Dandy
Magnolia henryi Dunn
Magnolia nana Dandy
Magnolia odoratissima Law et Zhou
Magnolia pterocarpa Roxb.
Magnolia xiana Noot.

Subbagian Blumiana

Magnolia angatensis Blanco
Magnolia betongensis (Craib) H.Keng
Magnolia gigantifolia (Miq.) Noot.
Magnolia hodgsonii (Hook.f. & Thom.) H.Keng
Magnolia lasia Noot.
Magnolia liliifera (L.) Baillon
Magnolia mariusjacobsia Noot.
Magnolia persuaveolens Dandy
Magnolia rabaniana Hook.f. & Thomson D.C.S.Raju & M.P.Nayer
Magnolia sarawakensis (Agostini) Noot.
Magnolia singapurensis (Ridl.) H.Keng
Magnolia villosa (Miq.) H.Keng

Bagian Talauma

Subbagian Talauma

Magnolia allenii Standl.
Magnolia amazonica (Ducke) Govaerts
Magnolia arcabucoana (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia bankardiorum M.O.Dillon & Sánchez Vega
Magnolia boliviana (M.Nee) Govaerts
Magnolia caricifragrans (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia cespedesii (Triana & Planch) Govaerts
Magnolia chocoensis (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia coronata M.Serna, C.Velásquez & Cogollo
Magnolia dixonii (Little) Govaerts
Magnolia dodecapetala (Lam.) Govaerts
Magnolia espinalii (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia georgii (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia gilbertoi (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia gloriensis (Pittier) Govaerts
Magnolia henaoi (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia hernandezii (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia irwiniana (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia jardinensis M.Serna, C.Velásquez & Cogollo
Magnolia katiorum (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia lacandonica Vazquez-Garcia, Perez-Farrera, Martinez-Camilo, Muniz-Castro & Martinez-Melendez
Magnolia manguillo Marcelo-Peña & F. Arroyo
Magnolia mexicana DC.
Magnolia minor (Urb.) Govaerts
Magnolia morii (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia narinensis (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia neillii (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia ovata (A.St.-Hil.) Spreng.
Magnolia polyhypsophylla (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia quetzal Vazquez-Garcia, Veliz-Perez, Triboullier-Navas & Muniz-Castro
Magnolia rimachii (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia sambuensis (Pittier) Govaerts
Magnolia santanderiana (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia sellowiana (A.St.-Hil.) Govaerts
Magnolia silvioi (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia venezuelensis (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia virolinensis (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia wolfii (Lozano) Govaerts

Subbagian Dugandiodendron

Magnolia argyrothricha (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia calimaensis (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia calophylla (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia cararensis (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia chimantensis Steyermark & Maguire
Magnolia colombiana (Little) Govaerts
Magnolia guatapensis (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia jaenensis Marcelo-Peña
Magnolia lenticellata (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia magnifolia (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia mahechae (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia ptaritepuiana Steyermark
Magnolia striatifolia Little
Magnolia urraoense (Lozano) Govaerts
Magnolia yarumalense (Lozano) Govaerts

Subbagian Cubenses

Bagian Manglietia

Magnolia aromatica (Dandy) V.S.Kumar
Magnolia blaoensis (Gagnep.) Dandy
Magnolia blumei Prantl
Magnolia calophylloides Figlar & Noot.
Magnolia caveana (Hook.f. & Thoms.) D.C.Raju & M.P.Nayer
Magnolia changhuntana Noot.
Magnolia chevalieri (Dandy) V.S.Kumar
Magnolia conifera (Dandy) V.S.Kumar
Magnolia crassipes (Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar
Magnolia dandyi (Gapnep.) Dandy
Magnolia decidua (Q.Y.Zheng) V.S.Kumar
Magnolia duclouxii Finet & Gagnep.
Magnolia figlarii V.S.Kumar
Magnolia fordiana (Oliv.) Hu
Magnolia garrettii (Craib) V.S.Kumar
Magnolia grandis (Hu & W.C.Cheng) V.S.Kumar
Magnolia hongheensis (Y.M.Shui & W.H.Chen) V.S.Kumar
Magnolia hookeri Cubitt & W.W.Sm.
Magnolia insignis (Wall.) Blume
Magnolia kwangtungensis Merr.
Magnolia lanuginosoides Figlar & Noot.
Magnolia longipedunculata (Q.W.Zeng & Law) V.S.Kumar
Magnolia lucida (B.L. Chen & S.C. Yang) V.S. Kumar
Magnolia obovalifolia (C.Y.Yu & Law) V.S.Kumar
Magnolia ovoidea (H.T.Chang & B.L.Chen) V.S.Kumar
Magnolia patungensis (Hu) Noot.
Magnolia rufibarbata (Dandy) V.S. Kumar
Magnolia sabahensis (Dandy ex Noot.) Figlar & Noot.
Magnolia sapaensis (N.H.Xia & Q.N.Vu) Grimshaw & Macer
Magnolia utilis (Dandy) V.S.Kumar
Magnolia ventii (N.V.Tiep) V.S.Kumar
Magnolia xinganensis Noot.
Magnolia yuyuanensis (Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar
Magnolia zhengyiana (N.H.Xia) Noot.

Bagian Kmeria

Magnolia duperreana Pierre
Magnolia kwangsiensis Figlar & Noot.
Magnolia thailandica Noot. & Chalermglin

Bagian Rhytidospermum

Subbagian Rhytidospermum

Magnolia obovata Thunb.
Magnolia officinalis Rehd. & Wilson
Magnolia rostrata W.W.Smith
Magnolia tripetala (L.) L.

Subbagian Oyama

Magnolia globosa Hook. f. & Thoms.
Magnolia sieboldii K. Koch
Magnolia wilsonii (Finet. & Gagnep.) Rehd.

Bagian Auriculata

Magnolia fraseri Walt.

Bagian Macrophylla

Magnolia dealbata Zuccarini
Magnolia macrophylla Michx.
Magnolia rzedowskiana A.Vázquez, Domínguez-Yescas & R.Pedraza
Magnolia nuevoleonensis A.Vázquez & Domínguez-Yescas
Magnolia vovidesii A.Vázquez, Domínguez-Yescas & L.Carvajal

Subgenus Yulania

Bagian Yulania

Subbagian Yulania

Magnolia amoena W.C. Cheng
Magnolia biondii Pampan
Magnolia campbellii Hook. f. & Thomson
Magnolia cylindrica Wilson
Magnolia dawsoniana Rehd. & Wilson
Magnolia denudata Desr.
Magnolia kobus DC.
Magnolia liliiflora Desr.
Magnolia × loebneri Paul Kache
Magnolia salicifolia (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim.
Magnolia sargentiana Rehd. & Wilson
Magnolia × soulangeana Thiéb.-Bern.
Magnolia sprengeri Pampan
Magnolia stellata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim.
Magnolia zenii Cheng

Subbagian Tulipastrum

Magnolia acuminata (L.) L.

Bagian Michelia

Subbagian Michelia

Magnolia × alba (DC.) Figlar & Noot.
Magnolia angustioblonga (Law & Wu) Figlar
Magnolia baillonii Pierre
Magnolia balansae A.DC.
Magnolia banghamii (Noot.) Figlar & Noot.
Magnolia braianensis (Gagnep.) Figlar
Magnolia cavaleriei (Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar
Magnolia champaca (L.) Baillon ex Pierre
Magnolia chapensis (Dandy) Sima
Magnolia citrata Noot. & Chalermglin
Magnolia compressa Maxim.
Magnolia coriacea (H.T. Chang & B.L. Chen) Figlar
Magnolia doltsopa (Buch.-Ham. Ex DC.) Figlar
Magnolia elegantifolia Noot.
Magnolia ernestii Figlar.
Magnolia figo (Lour.) DC.
Magnolia flaviflora (Law & Wu) Figlar
Magnolia floribunda (Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar.
Magnolia foveolata (Merr. Ex Dandy) Figlar
Magnolia fujianensis (Q.F.Zheng) Figlar
Magnolia fulva (H.T. Chang & B.L. Chen) Figlar
Magnolia gioi (A.Chevalier) Noot.
Magnolia guangdongensis (Y.H.Yan, Q.W.Zeng & F.W.Xing) Noot.
Magnolia guangxiensis (Law & R.Z.Zhou) Sima
Magnolia hypolampra (Dandy) Figlar
Magnolia iteophylla (C.Y.Wu ex Y.W.Law & Y.F.Wu) Noot.
Magnolia kingii (Dandy) Figlar
Magnolia kisopa (Bush.-Ham. ex DC.) Figlar
Magnolia koordersiana (Noot.) Figlar
Magnolia lacei (W.W.Smith) Figlar
Magnolia laevifolia (Law & Y.F.Wu) Noot.
Magnolia lanuginosa (Wall.) Figlar & Noot.
Magnolia leveilleana (Dandy) Figlar
Magnolia macclurei (Dandy) Figlar
Magnolia mannii (King) King
Magnolia martinii H.Lev.
Magnolia masticata (Dandy) Figlar
Magnolia maudiae (Dunn) Figlar
Magnolia mediocris (Dandy) Figlar
Magnolia microcarpa (B.L.Chen & S.C.Yang) Sima
Magnolia microtricha (Hand.-Mazz.) Figlar
Magnolia montana (Blume) Figlar & Noot.
Magnolia nilagirica (Zenker) Figlar
Magnolia oblonga (Wall. Ex Hook.f. & Thomson) Figlar.
Magnolia odora (Chun) Figlar & Noot.
Magnolia opipara (H.T.Chang & B.L.Chen) Sima
Magnolia philippinensis P.Pharm
Magnolia punduana (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Figlar
Magnolia rajaniana (Craib.) Figlar.
Magnolia scortechinii (King) Figlar & Noot.
Magnolia shiluensis (Chun & Y.F.Wu) Figlar
Magnolia sirindhorniae Noot. & Chalermglin
Magnolia sphaerantha (C.Y.Wu ex Z.S.Yue) Sima
Magnolia subulifera (Dandy) Figlar
Magnolia sumatrae (Dandy) Figlar & Noot.
Magnolia xanthantha (C.Y.Wu ex Law & Y.F.Wu) Figlar

Subbagian Elmerrillia

Magnolia platyphylla (Merr.) Figlar & Noot.^[8]
Magnolia pubescens (Merr.) Figlar & Noot.^[9]
Magnolia sulawesiana Brambach, Noot. & Culmsee^[10]
Magnolia tsiampacca (L.) Figlar & Noot.^[11]
Magnolia vrieseana (Miq.) Baill. ex Pierre^[12]

Subbagian Maingola

Magnolia annamensis Dandy
Magnolia carsonii Dandy ex Noot.
Magnolia cathcartii (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Noot.
Magnolia griffithii King
Magnolia gustavii King
Magnolia macklottii (Korth.) Dandy
Magnolia pealiana King

Subbagian Aromadendron

Magnolia ashtonii Dandy ex. Noot.
Magnolia bintuluensis (Agostini) Noot.
Magnolia borneensis Noot.
Magnolia elegans (Blume) Keng
Magnolia pahangensis Noot.

Subgenus Gynopodium

Bagian Gynopodium

Magnolia kachirachirai (Kanehira & Yamamoto) Dandy
Magnolia lotungensis Chun & Tsoon
Magnolia nitida W.W.Smith
Magnolia omeiensis (Hu & Cheng) Dandy
Magnolia yunnanensis (Hu) Noot.

Bagian Manglietiastrum

Magnolia pleiocarpa (Dandy) Figlar & Noot.
Magnolia praecalva (Dandy) Figlar & Noot.
Magnolia sinica (Law) Noot.

Galeri

Magnolia stellata
Magnolia grandiflora
Magnolia obovata
Magnolia champaca
Magnolia × soulangeana
Magnolia liliiflora

Referensi

↑ Hall, Tracy L. "Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Late Cretaceous Eastern Gulf Coastal Plain in Georgia and Alabama". Columbus State University.
↑ Robison, C. R. (1982). "New Late Cretaceous leaf locality from lower Kirtland Shale member, Bisti area, San Juan Basin, New Mexico" (PDF). New Mexico Geology. 4 (3): 42–45. doi:10.58799/NMG-v4n3.42.
↑ "Magnolia Plum. ex L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Diakses tanggal 2022-03-25.
↑ Crane, P.R. (1988). "The phylogenetic position and fossil history of the Magnoliaceae". Dalam Hunt, David R. (ed.). Magnolias and their allies: Proceedings of an International Symposium, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, U.K., 12-13 April 1996. Milbourne Port. hlm. 21. ISBN 9780951723487. OCLC 40781614.{{cite book}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Lokasi tanpa penerbit (link)
↑ Bernhardt, P. (2000). "Convergent evolution and adaptive radiation of beetle-pollinated angiosperms" (PDF). Plant Systematics and Evolution. 222 (1–4): 293–320. doi:10.1007/bf00984108. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-12-23.
↑ Figlar, Richard B. (April 2012). "Magnolia Classification". Magnolia Society International. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 12 Maret 2022. Diakses tanggal 27 Mei 2020.{{cite web}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
↑ Serrano, Marcelo José; Grajeda-Estrada, Rafael; Villalobos, Andrés; Álvarez-Ruano, María Renée; Vázquez-García, J. Antonio (2020-08-04). "Magnolia poqomchi , a new species of subsection Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) from San Cristóbal Verapaz, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala". Phytotaxa (dalam bahasa Inggris). 454 (4): 231–243. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.454.4.1. ISSN 1179-3163.
↑ "Magnolia platyphylla". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens. Diakses tanggal 7 Agustus 2015.{{cite web}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
↑ "Magnolia pubescens". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens. Diakses tanggal 7 Agustus 2015.{{cite web}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
↑ Brambach, F.; Nooteboom, H.P.; Culmsee, H. (2013). "Magnolia sulawesiana described, and a key to the species of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) occurring in Sulawesi". Blumea - Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants. 58 (3): 271–276. doi:10.3767/000651913X676817.{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: DOI bebas tanpa ditandai (link)
↑ "Magnolia tsiampacca". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens. Diakses tanggal 7 Agustus 2015.{{cite web}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
↑ "Magnolia vrieseana". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens. Diakses tanggal 7 Agustus 2015.{{cite web}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)

Pengidentifikasi takson
Magnolia	Wikidata: Q157017 Wikispecies: Magnolia APDB: 192353 APNI: 437233 BioLib: 3404 CoL: 8VZ4K EoL: 44478 EPPO: 1MAGG FNA: 119452 FoC: 119452 GBIF (old): 2888195 GRIN: 7165 iNaturalist: 82096 IPNI: 25589-1 IRMNG: 1307983 ITIS: 18069 NBN: NHMSYS0000460554 NCBI: 3402 NZOR: 139e5de5-0ca5-4654-9797-aa575b87d3c2 Open Tree of Life: 288480 Paleobiology Database: 54614 PLANTS: MAGNO POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000709-2 TaiCOL: t0024222 Tropicos: 40012123 VASCAN: 1389 WFO: wfo-4000022860

Pengidentifikasi takson

Magnolia