Bangsa Gaelik

Gaelik
Na Gaeil ·Na Gàidheil ·Ny Gaeil
Wilayah yang secara linguistik dan budaya berbangsa Gaelik pada sekitar tahun 1000 (hijau muda) dan sekitar 1700 (hijau menengah); wilayah yang didiami penutur bahasa Gaelik pada masa sekarang (hijau tua)
Jumlah populasi
ca 2.1 juta (pengelompokan linguistik)
Daerah dengan populasi signifikan
Irlandia	1.873.997 (linguistik)^[1]
Britania Raya	122.518 (linguistik)^[2]
Amerika Serikat	27.475 (linguistik)^[3]
Kanada	9.000 (linguistik)^[4]
Australia	2.717 (linguistik)^[5]
Selandia Baru	670 (linguistik)
Bahasa
Rumpun bahasa Gaelik (Irlandia ·Gaelik Skotlandia ·Manx ·Shelta ·Beurla Reagaird) juga Inggris dan Skots non-Gaelik
Agama
Kristen · Tak beragama (dulunya: Paganisme)

Bangsa Gaelik (/ɡeɪlz/; bahasa Irlandia:Na Gaeil [n̪ˠəˈɡeːlʲ]; bahasa Gaelik Skotlandia:Na Gàidheil [nəˈkɛː.al]; bahasa Man:Ny Gaeil [nəˈɡeːl]) adalah sebuah kelompok etnolinguistik Keltik Insuler^[6] yang berasal dari Irlandia, Skotlandia dan Isle of Man.^[a]^[10] Mereka berkaitan dengan rumpun bahasa Gaelik: sebuah cabang rumpun bahasa Keltik yang meliputi bahasa Irlandia, bahasa Manx dan bahasa Gaelik Skotlandia.

Sejarah

Bahasa dan budaya Gaelik bermula di Irlandia yang meluas ke Dál Riata di barat Skotlandia. Pada zaman kuno, bangsa Gaelik berdagang dengan Kekaisaran Romawi dan juga menyerbu Britania Romawi. Pada Abad Pertengahan, budaya Gaelik menjadi dominan di seluruh belahan Skotlandia dan Isle of Man. Terdapat juga beberapa pemukiman Gaelik di Wales, serta pengaruh budaya melalui Kekristenan Keltik. Pada Zaman Viking, sejumlah kecil pasukan Viking menyerbu dan bermukim di wilayah Gaelik, menjadikannya Norse-Gaelik. Pada abad ke-9, Dál Riata dan Pictland bergabung untuk membtnuk Kerajaan Alba. Sementara itu, Irlandia Gaelik terdiri dari sejumlah besar kerajaan, dengan Raja Tinggi sering kali mengklaim kepemimpinan atas mereka.

Pada abad ke-12, Anglo-Norman menaklukan belahan Irlandia, sementara sebagian Skotlandia menjadi ter-Normanisasi. Namun, budaya Gaelik masih kuat di sepanjang belahan Irlandia, Dataran Tinggi Skotlandia dan Galloway. Pada awal abad ke-17, kerajaan-kerajaan Gaelik terakhir di Irlandia jatuh di bawah kekuasaan Inggris. James VI dan I berniat untuk menundukkan bangsa Gaelik dan menyingkirkan budaya mereka;^[11] mula-mula di Dataran Tinggi Skotlandia melalui hukum represif seperti Statuta Iona, dan kemudian di Irlandia oleh mengkolonisasi wilayah Gaelik dengan pemukim Inggris dan Protestan penutur bahasa Skots. Pada abad-abad berikutnya, bahasa Gaelik ditindas dan banyak tergantikan oleh bahasa Inggris. Namun, bahasa tersebut masih menjadi bahasa utama di Gaeltacht, Inggris dan Hebrides Luar, Skotlandia. Keturunan modern Gaelik tersebar sepanjang belahan Kepulauan Britania, benua Amerika dan Australasia.

Catatan

↑ Cikal bakal dan teori migrasi tentang suku bangsa Gaelik bergama, karena orang-orang Gelik nyaris menjadi korban kolonialiamse dan peran-peran kolonis.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Referensi

↑ "Education and Irish Language - CSO - Central Statistics Office". www.cso.ie (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2023-05-30. Diakses tanggal 2023-08-27.
↑ "Census 2011: Key Statistics for Northern Ireland" (PDF). Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 7 Februari 2014.{{cite news}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
↑ Osbourn 2006, hlm. 204.
↑ "National Household Survey (NHS) 2011". Statistics Canada. 8 Mei 2013. Diakses tanggal 7 Februari 2015.{{cite web}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
↑ "The Irish language in Australia: sociocultural identity in diasporic minority language use". Jill Vaughan. 7 Februari 2015.{{cite news}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
↑ Bechhofer, Frank; McCrone, David (2014-03-04). "What makes a Gael? Identity, language and ancestry in the Scottish Gàidhealtachd". Identities. 21 (2): 113–133. doi:10.1080/1070289X.2014.878249. ISSN 1070-289X. S2CID 143971850.
↑ Brown, Daniel Guy (2014). The Highland Clearances and the Politics of Memory (Tesis). Diakses tanggal 2 Juli 2017.{{cite thesis}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
↑ "The Scottish Highlands in Colonial & Psychodynamic Perspective". www.alastairmcintosh.com. Diakses tanggal 2 Juli 2017.{{cite web}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
↑ Mackinnon, Iain (1 Mei 2017). "Colonialism and the Highland Clearances" (PDF). Northern Scotland. 8 (1): 22–48. doi:10.3366/nor.2017.0125. ISSN 0306-5278.{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
↑ Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome Diarsipkan 8 Maret 2021 di Wayback Machine "Three Bronze Age individuals from Rathlin Island (2026–1534 cal BC), including one high coverage (10.5×) genome, showed substantial Steppe genetic heritage indicating that the European population upheavals of the third millennium manifested all of the way from southern Siberia to the western ocean. This turnover invites the possibility of accompanying introduction of Indo-European, perhaps early Celtic, language. Irish Bronze Age haplotypic similarity is strongest within modern Irish, Scottish, and Welsh populations, and several important genetic variants that today show maximal or very high frequencies in Ireland appear at this horizon. These include those coding for lactase persistence, blue eye color, Y chromosome R1b haplotypes, and the hemochromatosis C282Y allele; to our knowledge, the first detection of a known Mendelian disease variant in prehistory. These findings together suggest the establishment of central attributes of the Irish genome 4,000 y ago."
↑ Szasz, Margaret (2007). Scottish Highlanders and Native Americans. University of Oklahoma Press. hlm. 48.

Daftar pustaka

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Calloway, Colin G. (2010). White People, Indians, and Highlanders: Tribal People and Colonial Encounters in Scotland and America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199737826.
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Lenihan, Patrick (2007). Consolidating Conquest: Ireland 1603-1727. Routledge. ISBN 0582772176.
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Pranala luar

Foras na Gaeilge – Irish agency promoting the language
Bòrd na Gàidhlig Diarsipkan 2012-08-07 di Wayback Machine – Scottish agency promoting the language
Culture Vannin Diarsipkan 2015-03-03 di Wayback Machine – Manx agency promoting the language
The Columba Project – Pan-Gaelic cultural initiative