Sihir Eropa

Sihir Eropa dapat ditelusuri sejak zaman klasik, kala sihir dan agama saling berdampingan. Pada era pagan dari Romawi kuno, terdapat hukum melawan sihir sajaht. Setelah penyebaran agama Kristen, Gereja Katolik pada abad pertengahan mulai melirik sihir (maleficium) sebagai perpaduan sihir gelap dan kemurtadan yang melibatkan perjanjian dengan Iblis. Pada zaman modern awal, perburuan penyihir menjadi menyebar di Eropa, sebagian disebabkan oleh ketegangan aagama, kekhawatiran masyarakat dan kebangkitan ekonomi. Keyakinan Eropa akan sihir secara bertahap meredup saat dan setelah Abad Pencerahan.

Referensi

Kutipan karya

Bailey, Michael D. (2018). Magic: The Basics. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-80961-1.
Barber, Richard (1999). Arthurian Literature. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85991-163-4.
Chambers, Robert (1861). Domestic Annals of Scotland. Edinburgh, Scotland. ISBN 978-1298711960. {{cite book}}: Ketidakcocokan ISBN / tanggalPemeliharaan CS1: Lokasi tanpa penerbit (link)
Crowley, Vivianne. "Wicca as Nature Religion". Dalam Pearson, Roberts & Samuel (1998), pp. 170–179.
Davies, Owen (1999). Witchcraft, Magic and Culture, 1736–1951. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0719056567.
Doyle White, Ethan (2010). "The Meaning of "Wicca": A Study in Etymology, History and Pagan Politics". The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies. 12 (2): 185–207. doi:10.1558/pome.v12i2.185. S2CID 154160260.
Doyle White, Ethan (2016). Wicca: History, Belief, and Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-84519-754-4.
Eliade, Mircea (1975). "Some Observations on European Witchcraft". History of Religions. 14 (3). University of Chicago: 149–172. doi:10.1086/462721. S2CID 161503454.
Ezzy, Douglas (2002). "Religious Ethnography: Practicing the Witch's Craft". Dalam Jenny Blain; Douglas Ezzy; Graham Harvey (ed.). Researching Paganisms. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press. hlm. 113–128. ISBN 9780759105232.
Ezzy, Douglas (2003). "New Age Witchcraft? Popular Spell Books and the Re-enchantment of Everyday Life". Culture and Religion. 4 (1): 47–65. doi:10.1080/01438300302813. S2CID 144927811.
Fulton, Helen (2012). A Companion to Arthurian Literature. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-67237-2.
Greenwood, Susan. "The Nature of the Goddess: Sexual Identities and Power in Contemporary Witchcraft". Dalam Pearson, Roberts & Samuel (1998), pp. 101–110.
Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (1996). New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-10696-0.
Harper, Douglas (n.d.). "witchcraft (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 5 November 2013. Diakses tanggal 29 Oktober 2013.{{cite web}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
Harper-Bill, Christopher; Van Houts, Elisabeth (2007). A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84383-341-3.
Hutton, Ronald (2002). "Living with Witchcraft". Dalam Jenny Blain; Douglas Ezzy; Graham Harvey (ed.). Researching Paganisms. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press. hlm. 171–187. ISBN 9780759105232.
Hutton, Ronald (2017). The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present. Yale University Press.
Jensen, Gary (2007). The Path of the Devil: Early Modern Witch Hunts. Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-46974.
Kieckhefer, Richard (1989). Magic in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-78576-1.
Kittredge, George Lyman (1929). Witchcraft in Old and New England. New York City: Russell & Russell. ISBN 978-0674182325. {{cite book}}: Ketidakcocokan ISBN / tanggal
Kors, A. C.; Peters, E., ed. (2001). Witchcraft in Europe 400–1700 (Edisi 2nd). University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1751-9.
Lawrence-Mathers, A. (2020) [2012]. "Chapter 6: A Demonic Heritage". The True History of Merlin the Magician. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300253085.
Luck, Georg (1985). Arcana Mundi: Magic and the Occult in the Greek and Roman Worlds. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Luck, Georg (1999). "Witches and Sorcerers in Classical Literature". Dalam Ankarloo; Clark (ed.). Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: Ancient Greece and Rome. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812235197.
McNeill, F. Marian (1957). The Silver Bough: A Four Volume Study of the National and Local Festivals of Scotland. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Canongate Books. ISBN 978-0862412319. {{cite book}}: Ketidakcocokan ISBN / tanggal
Orion, Loretta (1994). Never Again the Burning Times: Paganism Revisited. Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press. ISBN 978-0-88133-835-5.
Parry, John Jay; Caldwell, Robert (1959). "Geoffrey of Monmouth". Dalam Loomis, Roger S. (ed.). Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages. Oxford University: Clarendon Press.
Pearson, Joanne. "Assumed Affinities: Wicca and the New Age". Dalam Pearson, Roberts & Samuel (1998), pp. 45–56.
Pearson, Joanne; Roberts, Richard H.; Samuel, Geoffrey, ed. (1998). Nature Religion Today: Paganism in the Modern World. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748610570.
Pearson, Joanne (2002). "The History and Development of Wicca and Paganism". Dalam Joanne Pearson (ed.). Belief Beyond Boundaries: Wicca, Celtic Spirituality and the New Age. Aldershot: Ashgate. hlm. 15–54. ISBN 9780754608202.
Pócs, É. (1999). Between the Living and the Dead: A Perspective on Witches and Seers in the Early Modern Age. Hungary: Central European University Press. ISBN 978-9639116191.
Rountree, Kathryn (2015). "Context is Everything: Plurality and Paradox in Contemporary European Paganisms". Dalam Kathryn Rountree (ed.). Contemporary Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Europe: Colonialist and Nationalist Impulses. New York: Berghahn. hlm. 1–23. ISBN 978-1-78238-646-9.
Russell, Jeffrey B.; Alexander, Brooks (2007). A New History of Witchcraft: Sorcerers, Heretics and Pagans. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28634-0.
Sheppard, Kathleen L. (2013). The Life of Margaret Alice Murray: A Woman's Work in Archaeology. New York: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-7417-3.
Simpson, Jacqueline (1994). "Margaret Murray: Who Believed Her and Why?". Folklore. 105 (1–2): 89–96. doi:10.1080/0015587x.1994.9715877.
Sinclair, George (1871). Satan's Invisible World Discovered. Edinburgh.{{cite book}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Lokasi tanpa penerbit (link)
Strmiska, Michael F. (2005). "Modern Paganism in World Cultures". Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. hlm. 1–53. ISBN 978-1-85109-608-4.

Bacaan tambahan

Aakhus, P. (2008). "Astral Magic in the Renaissance: Gems, Poetry, and Patronage of Lorenzo de' Medici". Magic, Ritual & Witchcraft. 3 (2): 185–206. doi:10.1353/mrw.0.0103. S2CID 161829239.
Barry, Jonathan; Hester, Marianne; Roberts, Gareth, ed. (1998). Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe: Studies in Culture and Belief. Cambridge University Press.
Barry, Jonathan; Davies, Owen; Usborne, Cornelie, ed. (2018). Cultures of Witchcraft in Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-319-63784-6.
Brauner, Sigrid (2001). Fearless Wives and Frightened Shrews: The Construction of the Witch in Early Modern Germany. University of Massachusetts Press.
Briggs, Robin (1996). Witches & Neighbours: The Social and Cultural Context of European Witchcraft. Viking.
Callow, John (2022). The Last Witches of England, A Tragedy of Sorcery and Superstition. London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1788314398.
Clark, Stuart (1999). Thinking with Demons: The Idea of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe. Oxford University Press.
Costantini, L. (2019). Magic in Apuleius' Apologia: Understanding the Charges and the Forensic Strategies in Apuleius' Speech. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110616590.
Even-Ezra, A. (Musim dingin 2017). "Cursus: an early thirteenth century source for nocturnal flights and ointments in the work of Roland of Cremona". Magic, Ritual and Witchcraft. 12 (2): 314–330. doi:10.1353/mrw.2017.0034.{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
Elsakkers, M.J. (2010). "Article VIII: Anglo-Saxon laws on poisoning: an invitation to further investigation". Reading between the lines: Old Germanic and early Christian views on abortion. University of Amsterdam. Diakses tanggal 31 Juli 2013.{{cite web}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) Includes a table of Old English laws on perjury, magic, lybblac, secret murder, prostitution and idol worship listing terms used in each law.
Favret-Saada, Jeanne (1980). Deadly Words: Witchcraft in the Bocage. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29787-5.
Favret-Saada, Jeanne (2009). Désorceler (dalam bahasa Prancis). L'Olivier. ISBN 978-2-87929-639-5.
Flint, V. I. J. (1991). The Rise of Magic in Early Medieval Europe. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691001104.
Gaskill, Malcolm (2009). "Masculinity and Witchcraft in Seventeenth-century England". Dalam Rowlands, Alison (ed.). Witchcraft and Masculinities in Early Modern Europe. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan. hlm. 171–190. ISBN 978-0-230-24837-3.
Henderson, Lizanne (2007). "Witch-Hunting and Witch Belief in the Gàidhealtachd". Dalam Goodare, Julian; Martin, Lauren; Miller, Joyce (ed.). Witchcraft and Belief in Early Modern Scotland. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. hlm. 95–118. ISBN 978-0-230-50788-3.
Kors, Alan Charles; Peters, Edward, ed. (2000). Witchcraft in Europe, 400-1700: A Documentary History (Edisi 2nd). Philadelphia, PA: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780812217513.
Hutton, R. (2006). Witches, Druids and King Arthur. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-85285-555-0.
Monter, E. William (1972). "The historiography of European witchcraft: progress and prospects". Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 2 (4): 435–451. doi:10.2307/202315. JSTOR 202315.
Monter, E. William (1976). Witchcraft in France and Switzerland: the Borderlands during the Reformation. Cornell University Press.
Notestein, Wallace (1968). A History of Witchcraft in England from 1558 to 1718. New York: Crowell.
Parish, Helen, ed. (2014). Superstition and Magic in Early Modern Europe: A Reader. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4411-0032-0.
Pitts, John Linwood (1886). Witchcraft and Devil Lore in the Channel Islands – via Project Gutenberg.
Rampton, Martha, ed. (2018). European Magic and Witchcraft: A Reader. Canada: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1442634206.
Reissner, D. L. (Musim gugur 1974). "Witchcraft and Statecraft: A Materialist Analysis of the European Witch Persecutions" (PDF). Women and Revolution (7).{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
Roberts, Alexander (1616). A Treatise of Witchcraft – via Project Gutenberg.
Scarre, Geoffrey; Callow, John (2001). Witchcraft and Magic in Sixteenth-and Seventeenth-century Europe. Palgrave Macmillan.^{[tanpa ISBN]}
Spaeth, Barbette Stanley (2014). "From Goddess to Hag: The Greek and the Roman Witch in Classical Literature". Dalam Stratton, Kimberly B.; Kalleres, Dayna S. (ed.). Daughters of Hecate: Women and Magic in the Ancient World (Edisi online). Oxford Academic. hlm. 41–70. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342703.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-534270-3. Diakses tanggal 2 Oktober 2023 – via ResearchGate.{{cite book}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
Stark, Ryan J. (2009). "Demonic Eloquence". Rhetoric, Science, and Magic in Seventeenth-Century England. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. hlm. 115–45. ISBN 978-0-8132-1578-5.
Waite, Gary K. (2003). Heresy, Magic and Witchcraft in early modern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan.^{[tanpa ISBN]}
Worobec, Christine D. (1995). "Witchcraft Beliefs and Practices in Prerevolutionary Russian and Ukrainian Villages". The Russian Review. 54 (2): 165–187. doi:10.2307/130913. JSTOR 130913.