Teori puncak Hubbert

Puncak teori Hubbert, juga dikenal dengan puncak minyak adalah sebuah teori berpengaruh mengenai pengambilan dan penghabisan jangka-panjang dari minyak bumi konvensional (dan bahan bakar fosil lainnya). Teori ini dinamakan atas seorang geofisikawan Amerika M. King Hubbert, yang menciptakan sebuah model dari persediaan yang diketahui, dan mengusulkan sebuah teori. Pada 1956, Hubbert mempresentasikan sebuah paper Diarsipkan 2008-05-27 di Wayback Machine pada rapat American Petroleum Institute di mana ia memperkirakan produksi minyak di Amerika Serikat akan memuncak pada 1965 dan 1970. Dan produksi minyak Amerika memang memuncak pada 1971 Diarsipkan 2005-09-11 di Wayback Machine, dan telah berkurang sejak saat itu.

Hubbert mengusulkan bahwa perhitungan yang sama dapat diterapkan kekeadaan lainnya, seperti puncak produksi minyak dunia. Beberapa perkiraan untuk puncak produksi dunia telah dibuat oleh Hubbert dan lainnya, dengan beberapa tanggal tersebut sudah lewat pada masa lampau. Hal ini telah menimbulkan kritikan dari metode tersebut dan perkiraan yang dibuat dengan menggunakan metode tersebut.

Teori puncak Hubbert merupakan subjek dari diskusi yang berkelanjutan karena efek potensial dari produksi minyak yang rendah, dan karena debat yang terus berlanjut dari aspek kebijakan energi.

Lihat pula

• Abiogenic petroleum origin
• Krisis energi
• Ghawar Field
• Teori Olduvai
• Krisis energi 1973
• Krisis energi 1979
• 1990 spike in the price of oil
• Peningkatan harga minyak 2004 dan 2005
• Ehrlich-Simon bet
• OPEC
• Peaknik
• Mati listrik
• Konservasi energi
• Pengembangan energi
• Energi terbaharui
• Tar sands
• Petrodollar

Referensi

• "Feature on United States oil production." (November, 2002) ASPO Newsletter #23 Diarsipkan 2005-09-11 di Wayback Machine.
• Bentley, R.W. (2002). Global oil & gas depletion: an overview. Diarsipkan 2008-05-27 di Wayback Machine Energy Policy 30, 189–205
• Greene, D.L. & J.L. Hopson. (2003). Running Out of and Into Oil: Analyzing Global Depletion and Transition Through 2050 ORNL/TM-2003/259, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Octobe
• Economists Challenge Causal Link Between Oil Shocks And Recessions (August 30, 2004). Middle East Economic Survey VOL. XLVII No 35
• Hubbert, M. King. (1956) Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels. Diarsipkan 2008-05-27 di Wayback Machine Presented before the Spring Meeting of the Southern District, American Petroleum Institute, Plaza Hotel, San Antonio, Texas, March 7-8-9, 1956.
• Maugeri, Leonardo (2004). Oil: Never Cry Wolf--Why the Petroleum Age Is Far from over. Science 304, 1114-1115

Bacaan lebih lanjut dan diskusi

• Michael Ruppert, Crossing the Rubicon: The Decline of the American Empire at the End of the Age of Oil, New Society Publishers, 2004, ISBN 0-86571-540-8
• M. King Hubbert, "Energy from Fossil Fuels", Science, vol. 109, pp. 103–109, February 4, 1949
• Kenneth S. Deffeyes, Hubbert's Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage Diarsipkan 2005-08-30 di Wayback Machine, Princeton University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-691-11625-3
• Colin J. Campbell, The Coming Oil Crisis, Multi-Science Publishing Co. Ltd., 2004, ISBN 0-906522-11-0
• Richard Heinberg, The Party's Over: Oil, War and the Fate of Industrial Societies Diarsipkan 2005-07-28 di Wayback Machine, New Society Publishers, 2003, ISBN 0-86571-482-7
• David Goodstein, Out of Gas: The End of the Age of Oil, W.W. Norton & Company, 2004, ISBN 0-393-05857-3
• Stephen Leeb and Donna Leeb, The Oil Factor: How Oil Controls the Economy and Your Financial Future Diarsipkan 2005-09-07 di Wayback Machine, Warner Books, 2004, ISBN 0-446-53317-3
• Amory B. Lovins, E. Kyle Datta, Odd-Even Bustnes, Jonathan G. Koomey, Nathan J. Glasgow, Winning the Oil Endgame: Innovation for Profits, Jobs, and Security Diarsipkan 2005-04-29 di Wayback Machine, Rocky Mountain Institute, 2004, ISBN 1-881071-10-3
• Jeremy Rifkin, The Hydrogen Economy: After Oil, Clean Energy From a Fuel-Cell-Driven Global Hydrogen Web Diarsipkan 2008-05-16 di Wayback Machine, Blackwell Publishers, 2002, ISBN 0-7456-3042-1
• Paul Roberts, The End of Oil: On the Edge of a Perilous New World, Houghton Mifflin, 2004, ISBN 0-618-23977-4
• Paul Roberts, Last Stop Gas, Harper's Magazine, August 2004, pp. 71–72
• Documentary film The End of Suburbia
• Dismissal of the Claims of a Biological Connection for Natural Petroleum. Diarsipkan 2003-02-21 di Wayback Machine
• Howard James Kunstler The Long Emergency: Surviving the Converging Catastrophes of the Twenty-First Century, Atlantic Monthly Press, 2005, ISBN 0-87113-888-3
• Matthew R. Simmons, Twilight in the Desert: The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Economy, Wiley, 2005, ISBN 0-471-73876-X

Film

• The Oilcrash Diarsipkan 2006-03-15 di Wayback Machine, 2006

Pranala luar

• Peak Oil NZ Diarsipkan 2005-09-24 di Wayback Machine
• Peak Oil News Diarsipkan 2005-10-25 di Wayback Machine
• Peak Oil Wiki
• Big Picture TV Free video clip of petroleum geologist Colin Campbell discussing peak oil
• Energy Bulletin Diarsipkan 2005-08-31 di Wayback Machine - Peak oil related news stories
• Peak oil forum
• Dwindling Supply vs. Abundant Oil: A Timely Debate - General Session of the Society of Petroleum Engineers 2004
• New Peak Oil Website Diarsipkan 2005-08-29 di Wayback Machine - online videos, articles and statistics.
• Peak Oil reading list - Books, articles, web sites and more
• Energy news and views Diarsipkan 2006-04-02 di Wayback Machine
• Dry Dipstick Diarsipkan 2005-08-31 di Wayback Machine - A Peak Oil metadirectory
• Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas (ASPO), founded by Dr. Colin J. Campbell.
• The Bioregional Revolution -Organization promoting sustainability and bioregionalism in response to peak oil.

Advokasi teori Hubbert dan riset

• ASPO, Association for the Study of Peak Oil & Gas
• ASPO Ireland Diarsipkan 2020-05-10 di Wayback Machine Dr Colin Campbell's Office
• ODAC, Oil Depletion Analysis Centre independent, UK education charity
• Peak Oil NZ Diarsipkan 2005-09-24 di Wayback Machine
• PowerSwitch.org.uk - Raising awareness of Britain's Energy Future
• Chevron's Peak Oil Website Diarsipkan 2007-01-08 di Wayback Machine
• PeakOilAction Diarsipkan 2005-09-01 di Wayback Machine people working together to raise awareness of oil depletion, prepare for post petroleum age
• International Peak Oil Awareness Meetup meet others in your area on 2nd Wednesday of month
• Peak oil and Technocracy Diarsipkan 2005-08-04 di Wayback Machine
• Oilcrash.com Diarsipkan 2005-09-01 di Wayback Machine
• Hubbert Peak of Oil Production Diarsipkan 2020-11-27 di Wayback Machine
• Energy Crisis/Shortage, English, German
• Culture Change, promotes lifestyle change as a reponse to the Hubbert peak
• Ecological Basis for Great Change
• Life After The Oil Crash
• Wolf at the Door Diarsipkan 2010-02-05 di Wayback Machine
• Die Off
• Planet for Life
• From the Wilderness
• Before The Wells Run Dry - Analysis about the oil situation from Feasta.org, an Irish website
• Facts on the inevitable world-wide energy transition.
• biography of Dr Hubbert Diarsipkan 2006-06-15 di Wayback Machine,
• Post Carbon Institute
• The End of Suburbia
• Global Public Media
• Global Public Media: Video & Sound interviews
• Sign the Oil Peak and Decline Declaration!
• M. King Hubbert Center for Petroleum Supply Studies
• OilEmpire.US: 9/11 and Peak Oil
• Evaluating Peak Oil scenarios - will we use the remaining oil for solar panels or fighter planes? Diarsipkan 2005-08-30 di Wayback Machine
• Permatopia.com - a graceful end to cheap oil
• Alt-E - Virtual watering hole for Alaskans groping their way into a future characterized by increasing high-quality primary-energy-source scarcity, i.e., a "bottleneck" future.
• Peak Oil Aware Shop - Strong, clear graphics to raise awareness of peak oil, printed t-shirts, stickers, buttons etc

Laporan/essays/lectures

• The unsustainability of full employment and cheap energy
• UK Survival in the 21st Century
• Review: Oil-based technology and economy - prospects for the future Diarsipkan 2006-04-28 di Wayback Machine The Danish Board of Technology (Teknologi-radet)
• M. King Hubbert on the Nature of Growth Diarsipkan 2004-12-09 di Wayback Machine
• Peakoil conference 19-20 October 2004 Diarsipkan 2005-07-13 di Wayback Machine
• graph showing oil production in lower 48 US states following Hubbert's predictions Diarsipkan 2005-11-19 di Wayback Machine
• Peak Oil presentation by Dr. Campbell, TU Clausthal Diarsipkan 2005-08-31 di Wayback Machine
• Rep. Prof. Roscoe Bartlett's hour long Peak Oil presentation to (an empty) U.S. House of Representatives
• An Introduction to Peak Oil by Jim Bliss Diarsipkan 2007-09-28 di Wayback Machine
• Oil: Burnt Out? Diarsipkan 2006-05-16 di Wayback Machine theWatt.com article

Artikel

• "The End of Cheap Oil", Colin Campbell & Jean Laherrère on Peak Oil Diarsipkan 2007-09-27 di Wayback Machine Scientific American article
• Is the world's oil running out fast? BBC news article
• Oil: Is the end at hand? CNN article
• The end of oil is closer than you think The Guardian article
• The End of Oil? MIT Technology Review article
• David Goodstein on Peak Oil MSNBC news article
• How long will the world's oil last? MSNBC news article
• The End of Cheap Oil National Geographic article
• Will The End of Oil Mean The End of America? Diarsipkan 2005-10-13 di Wayback Machine Common Dreams NewsCenter article
• Top Saudi Says Kingdom Has Plenty of Oil^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]} "261 billion barrels in reserve..."

Forum/Blog/halaman diskusi

• Peak Oil News Blog Diarsipkan 2005-10-25 di Wayback Machine
• Peak Energy Blog (bg)
• mobjectivist Blog
• Resource Insights Blog
• Peak Energy Blog (mg)
• James Howard Kunstler
• Yahoo Group: Running on Empty
• The Oil Drum
• Ontic - PowerLess NZ
• Peakoil.com.
• Peak Oil Optimist
• How much peak-oil is being talked about Diarsipkan 2006-01-01 di Wayback Machine
• Flavor8: Energy Crisis News Diarsipkan 2005-11-24 di Wayback Machine
• The Energy Blog
• Alternate Energy Blogspot.
• theWatt Energy News and Discussion Diarsipkan 2006-04-02 di Wayback Machine
• ACT Peak Oil Discussion Group

Kritikan teori Hubbert

• Pemex's oil estimates double: Diarsipkan 2006-02-02 di Wayback Machine Mexican Oil company's estimate of reserves doubled.
• Peak Oil -- NOT! Diarsipkan 2005-08-31 di Wayback Machine - Directory page addresses the theory in circulation that oil is not solely of organic origin, but that there may be another, inexhaustible mode of origin from deeper in the crust, involving magma.
• Will We Run Out of Energy? by Mark Brandly
• Top Saudi Says Kingdom Has Plenty of Oil^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]} "261 billion barrels in reserve..."
• Why Peak Oil will be a non-event.
• The New Pessimism about Petroleum Resources: Debunking the Hubbert Model (and Hubbert Modelers)
• The end of the age of oil? Diarsipkan 2005-03-02 di Wayback Machine
• Known Saudi Arabian Oil Reserves Tripled
• Peak production in the news again Diarsipkan 2005-02-04 di Wayback Machine
• International Energy Agency press release
• Oil shale back in the picture
• Dismissal of the Claims of a Biological Connection for Natural Petroleum. Diarsipkan 2003-02-21 di Wayback Machine
• Sustainable Oil? Diarsipkan 2005-08-11 di Wayback Machine (5-25-04 WorldNet Daily)
• More Evidence for Sustainable Oil (7-10-04 rense.com)
• Abiogenic Gas Debate 11:2002 (EXPLORER)
• Unconventional Ideas About Unconventional Gas (Society of Petroleum Engineers)
• Oil recovery technology, Nexial Institute (NEXIT), Dr. James H. L. Lawler Integrated system promising virtual total recovery, in excess of 95%
• Texas Research Institute Promises a Way Out of the Energy Crisis Diarsipkan 2005-11-21 di Wayback Machine
• Peak Oil Debunked
• Lee Raymond of Exxon Mobile believes oil supplies will rise