Artikel ini berisi tentang sebuah kiasan. Untuk informasi tentang pembatas yang menghalangi minoritas dari peraihan upah tinggi dari pihak perusahaan, lihat Kesenjangan upah jenis kelamin.
Langit-langit kaca adalah sebuah kiasan yang dipakai untuk mewakili sebuah pembatas tak terlihat yang menghalangi demografi yang diberikan (biasanya diterapkan kepada minoritas) dari kenaikan pada tingkat tertentu dalam sebuah hierarki.[1]
Kiasan tersebut pertama kali dicetuskan oleh kaum feminis dalam rujukan kepada pembatas dalam karier wanita yang berprestasi tinggi.[2][3] Di Amerika Serikat, konsep tersebut terkadang diperluas untuk merujuk kepada rintangan-rintangan yang menghalangi kemajuan minoritas wanita, serta minoritas pria.[2][4] Minoritas wanita sering kali menemui banyak kesulitan dalam "menerobos langit-langit kaca" karena mereka berada di persimpangan dari dua kelompok yang dulunya termarginalisasi: wanita dan orang kulit berwarna.[5] Outlet-outlet Asia dan Asia Amerika mencanangkan istilah "langit-langit bambu" untuk merujuk kepada rintangan-rintangan yang seluruh Asia Amerika hadapi dalam memajukan karier mereka.[6][7]
Referensi
- ↑ Federal Glass Ceiling Commission. Solid Investments: Making Full Use of the Nation's Human Capital. Diarsipkan 2014-11-08 di Wayback Machine Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, November 1995, p. 13-15.
- 1 2 Federal Glass Ceiling Commission. Good for Business: Making Full Use of the Nation's Human Capital. Diarsipkan 2014-08-10 di Wayback Machine Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, March 1995.
- ↑ Wiley, John (2012). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies. Vol. 5. John Wiley and Sons.
- ↑ http://www.washingtontimes.com, The Washington Times. "Hillary Clinton: 'As a white person,' I have to discuss racism 'every chance I get'". Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2018-11-18. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-29.
{{cite web}}: Tautan eksternal dalam|last= - ↑ “Demarginalising the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Anti-discrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Anti-racist Politics” by Kimberlé Crenshaw in Framing Intersectionality, edited by Helma Lutz et al. (Ashgate, 2011).
- ↑ Hyun, Jane (2005). Breaking the Bamboo Ceiling: Career Strategies for Asians. New York: HarperBusiness.
{{cite book}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Lokasi penerbit (link) - ↑ "Top 10 Numbers that Show Why Pay Equity Matters to Asian American Women and Their Families". name. Diakses tanggal 2016-05-03.
Lihat juga
Daftar pustaka
- Cholensky, Stephanie. "The Gender Pay Gap: NO MORE EXCUSES!." Judgment & Decision Making 10.2 (2015): 15-16. Academic Search Complete. Web. 22 Oct. 2015.
- Federal Glass Ceiling Commission (Maret 1995a). Good for business: Making full use of the nation's human capital (PDF) (Laporan). Washington DC: U.S. Department of Labor. Diarsipkan dari asli (pdf) tanggal 2014-08-10. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-29.
{{cite report}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Fox, Mary; Hesse-Biber, Sharlene N. (1984). Women at work. Palo Alto, California: Mayfield Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87484-525-9.
- Giele, Janet Z.; Stebbins, Leslie F (2003). Women and equality in the workplace a reference handbook. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-937-9.
- Hesse-Biber, Sharlene N.; Carter, Gregg L. (2005). Working women in America : split dreams. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515047-6.
- Lyness, Karen S.; Thompson, Donna E. (Juni 1997). "Above the glass ceiling? A comparison of matched samples of female and male executives". Journal of Applied Psychology. 82 (3). American Psychological Association: 359–375. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.3.359.
{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - National Partnership for Women and Families, comp. (April 2016). "America's Women and The Wage Gap" (PDF). Trade, Jobs and Wages. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
- Ponnuswamy, Indra; Manohar, Hansa Lysander (September 2014). "Breaking the glass ceiling – a mixed methods study using Watkins and Marsick's learning organisation culture model". Asian Women. 30 (3). Research Institute of Asian Women (RIAW): 85–111. doi:10.14431/aw.2014.09.30.3.85.
{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) - Redwood, Rene A. (October 13, 1995). "Breaking The Glass Ceiling: Good for Business, Good for America". National Council of Jewish Women.
- Schneps, Leila; Colmez, Coralie (2013), "Math error number 6: Simpson's paradox. The Berkeley sex bias case: discrimination detection", dalam Schneps, Leila; Colmez, Coralie (ed.), Math on trial: how numbers get used and abused in the courtroom, New York: Basic Books, hlm. 107–120, ISBN 978-0-465-03292-1
- Snyder, Karrie Ann, and Adam Isaiah Green. "Revisiting The Glass Escalator: The Case Of Gender Segregation In A Female Dominated Occupation." Social Problems 55.2 (2008): 271-299. Academic Search Complete. Web. 22 Oct. 2015.
- Woodhams, Carol, Ben Lupton, and Marc Cowling. "The Presence Of Ethnic Minority And Disabled Men In Feminised Work: Intersectionality, Vertical Segregation And The Glass Escalator." Sex Roles 72.7/8 (2015): 277-293. Academic Search Complete. Web. 22 Oct. 2015.
- Malpas, J., "Donald Davidson", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2012/entries/davidson/>. Web 2 May 2016.
- International Labor Rights Forum. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2016, from http://www.laborrights.org/issues/women’s-rights
- Hyun, Jane. Breaking the Bamboo Ceiling: Career Strategies for Asians. New York: HarperBusiness, 2005. Print.
- Wiley, John. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies. Vol. 5. Chicester: John Wiley and Sons, 2012. Print.
- "Top 10 Numbers that Show Why Pay Equity Matters to Asian American Women and Their Families". Retrieved 2016-05-01
Pranala luar
- Catalyst research report (1996). Women in Corporate Leadership: Progr (2003). Diarsipkan 2017-09-29 di Wayback Machine Women and Men in U.S. Corporate Leadership: Same Workplace, Different Realities? Diarsipkan 2011-09-29 di Wayback Machine
- Catalyst. Women and Men in U.S. Corporate Leadership: Same Workplace, Different Realities? Diarsipkan 2012-11-11 di Wayback Machine New York, N.Y.: Catalyst, 2004, ISBN978-0-89584-247-3.
- Catalyst. 2010 Catalyst Census: Financial Post 500 Women Senior Officers and Top Earners. Diarsipkan 2011-09-29 di Wayback Machine
- Federal Glass Ceiling Commission. Good for Business: Making Full Use of the Nation's Human Capital. Diarsipkan 2014-08-10 di Wayback Machine Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, March 1995.
- Federal Glass Ceiling Commission. Solid Investments: Making Full Use of the Nation's Human Capital. Diarsipkan 2014-11-08 di Wayback Machine Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, November 1995.
- Carvajal, Doreen. The Codes That Need to Be Broken. The New York Times, January 26, 2011.
- Cotter, David A., Joan M. Hermsen, Seth Ovadia, and Reece Vanneman (2001). The glass ceiling effect. Social Forces, Vol. 80 No. 2, pp. 655–81.
- Effects of Glass Ceiling on Women Career Development in Private Sector Organizations – Case of Sri Lanka
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