Bahasa hewan

Bahasa hewan adalah bentuk komunikasi hewan non-manusia yang menunjukkan kemiripan dengan bahasa manusia. Hewan berkomunikasi dengan menggunakan berbagai tanda seperti suara atau gerakan. Penggunaan tanda atau simbol semacam ini dapat dianggap cukup kompleks untuk disebut sebagai suatu bentuk bahasa jika memiliki banyak koleksi tanda, tanda-tandanya relatif arbitrer, dan dilakukan hewan diluar insting atau ekspresi. Dalam penelitian eksperimental, adanya komunikasi semacam ini antar hewan juga dapat dibuktikan melalui penggunaan leksigram (seperti yang digunakan oleh simpanse dan bonobo).

Banyak peneliti berpendapat bahwa komunikasi hewan tidak memiliki aspek kunci dari bahasa manusia, yaitu penciptaan pola-pola baru dari berbagai simbol dalam beberapa keadaan. Sebaliknya, manusia secara rutin menghasilkan kombinasi kata yang sama sekali baru. Beberapa peneliti, termasuk ahli bahasa Charles Hockett, berpendapat bahwa bahasa manusia dan komunikasi hewan sangat berbeda sehingga prinsip yang mendasarinya tidak berhubungan.^[1] Oleh karena itu, ahli bahasa Thomas A. Sebeok telah mengusulkan untuk tidak menggunakan istilah "bahasa" pada sistem tanda hewan.^[2] Sementara itu, Marc Hauser, Noam Chomsky, dan W. Tecumseh Fitch menegaskan adanya kontinum evolusi antara metode komunikasi bahasa hewan dan manusia.^[3]

Referensi

↑ Hockett, Charles F. (1960). "Logical considerations in the study of animal communication". Dalam Lanyon, W.E.; Tavolga, W.N. (ed.). Animals sounds and animal communication. American Institute of Biological Sciences. hlm. 392–430.
↑ Martinelli, Dario (2010). "Introduction to Zoosemiotics". A Critical Companion to Zoosemiotics. Vol. 5. hlm. 1–64. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9249-6_1. ISBN 978-90-481-9248-9.{{cite book}}: |journal= diabaikan
↑ Hauser, Marc D.; Chomsky, Noam; Fitch, W. Tecumseh (22 November 2002). "The Faculty of Language: What Is It, Who Has It, and How Did It Evolve?" (PDF). Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. hlm. 1569–1579. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 28 Desember 2013. Diakses tanggal 28 Maret 2014. We argue that an understanding of the faculty of language requires substantial interdisciplinary cooperation. We suggest how current developments in linguistics can be profitably wedded to work in evolutionary biology, anthropology, psychology, and neuroscience. We submit that a distinction should be made between the faculty of language in the broad sense (FLB)and in the narrow sense (FLN). FLB includes a sensory-motor system, a conceptual-intentional system, and the computational mechanisms for recursion, providing the capacity to generate an infinite range of expressions from a finite set of elements. We hypothesize that FLN only includes recursion and is the only uniquely human component of the faculty of language. We further argue that FLN may have evolved for reasons other than language, hence comparative studies might look for evidence of such computations outside of the domain of communication (for example, number, navigation, and social relations).{{cite web}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)

Bacaan lanjutan

Bickerton, D. (2005). Language evolution: a brief guide for linguists. link
Deacon, T. W. (1997) The Symbolic Species: The Co-evolution of Language and the Human Brain. Allen Lane: The Penguin Press, ISBN 0-393-03838-6
Fitch, W.T.; Hauser, M.D. (2004). "Computational constraints on syntactic processing in a nonhuman primate" (PDF). Science. 303 (5656): 377–380. Bibcode:2004Sci...303..377F. doi:10.1126/science.1089401. PMID 14726592. S2CID 18306145.
Fouts, R. S. (1973). "Acquisition and testing of gestural signs in four young chimpanzees". Science. 180 (4089): 978–80. Bibcode:1973Sci...180..978F. doi:10.1126/science.180.4089.978. PMID 17735931. S2CID 38389519.
Gardner R. Allen and Gardner Beatrice T. (1980) Comparative psychology and language acquisition. In Thomas A. Sebok and Jean-Umiker-Sebok (eds.): Speaking of Apes: A Critical Anthology of Two-Way Communication with Man. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 287–329.
Gomez, R.L; Gerken, L. (2000). "Infant artificial language learning and language acquisition". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 4 (5): 178–186. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01467-4. PMID 10782103. S2CID 15933380.
Goodall, J. (1964). "Tool Using and Aimed Throwing in a Community of Free-Living Chimpanzees". Nature. 201 (4926): 1264–1266. Bibcode:1964Natur.201.1264G. doi:10.1038/2011264a0. PMID 14151401. S2CID 7967438.
Hauser, M.D.; Chomsky, N.; Fitch, W.T. (2002). "The faculty of language: what is it, who has it, and how did it evolve?". Science. 298 (5598): 1569–1579. doi:10.1126/science.298.5598.1569. PMID 12446899.
Hayes, C. (1951). The Ape in Our House. New York: Harper & Row.
Herman, L. M.; Forestell, P. H. (1985). "Reporting presence or absence of named objects by a language-trained dolphin". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 9 (4): 667–691. doi:10.1016/0149-7634(85)90013-2. PMID 4080284. S2CID 6959236.
Herman, L. M. Kuczaj; Holder, M. D.; Holder, Mark D. (1993). "Responses to anomalous gestural sequences by a language-trained dolphin: Evidence for processing of semantic relations and syntactic information". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 122 (2): 184–194. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.122.2.184. PMID 8315399.
Hockett, C. (1960). "The origin of speech". Scientific American. 203 (3): 88–96. Bibcode:1960SciAm.203c..88H. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0960-88. PMID 14402211.
Holder, M. D., Herman, L. M. & Kuczaj, S. III (1993). A bottlenosed dolphin's responses to anomalous gestural sequences expressed within an artificial gestural language. In H. R. Roitblat, L. M. Herman & P.E. Nachtigall (Eds): Language and Communication: Comparative Perspectives, 299–308. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Hurford J.R., Studdert-Kennedy, M., & Knight, C. (Eds.) (1998) Approaches to the evolution of language: Social and cognitive bases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Huxley, Julian & Ludwig Koch (photographs by Ylla) 1938. Animal language. Text by Julian Huxley, long-playing record of animal language by Ludwig Koch. London, Country Life. Reprinted and republished by Grosset & Dunlap, New York 1964. Record in the 1964 reissue is by Columbia Special Products, 33 1/3 rpm, small format, ZVT 88894. Side 1 contains Sounds at the Zoo (presumably Zoological Society of London) and African sounds; side 2 African sounds continued.
Kako, E. (1999). "Elements of syntax in the systems of three language-trained animals". Animal Learning & Behavior. 27: 1–14. doi:10.3758/BF03199424.
Kanwal, J.S.; Matsumura, S.; Ohlemiller, K.; Suga, N. (1994). "Analysis of acoustic elements and syntax in communication sounds emitted by mustached bats". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 94 (3): 1229–1254. Bibcode:1994ASAJ...96.1229K. doi:10.1121/1.410273. PMID 7962992.
Kellogg, W.N., & Kellogg, L.A. (1933). The ape and the child. New York: Whittlesey House (McGraw-Hill).
Knight, C., Studdert-Kennedy, M., Hurford, J.R. (Eds.) (2000). The evolutionary emergence of language: Social function and the origins of linguistic form. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kohts. N. (1935). Infant ape and human child. Museum Darwinianum, Moscow.
Ladygina-Kohts, N.N, & de Waal, F.B.M. (2002). Infant Chimpanzee and Human Child: A Classic 1935 Comparative Study of Ape Emotions and Intelligence (Tr: B. Vekker). New York: Oxford University Press.
Lenneberg, E.H. (1971). "Of language, knowledge, apes, and brains". Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. 1 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1007/BF01066934. PMID 24197536. S2CID 986088.
Miles, H.L. (1990) "The cognitive foundations for reference in a signing orangutan" in S.T. Parker and K.R. Gibson (eds.) "Language" and intelligence in monkeys and apes: Comparative Developmental Perspectives. Cambridge Univ. Press.
Pinker, S. (1984). Language Learnability and Language Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Reprinted in 1996 with additional commentary.
Pinker, S.; Bloom, P. (1990). "Natural language and natural selection". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 13 (4): 707–784. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.116.4044. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00081061.{{cite journal}}: Kutipan menggunakan parameter usang |citeseerx=
Plooij, F.X. (1978). "Some basic traits of language in wild chimpanzees?" in A. Lock (ed.) Action, Gesture and Symbol. New York: Academic Press.
Premack, D. (1971). "Language in a chimpanzee?". Science. 172 (3985): 808–822. Bibcode:1971Sci...172..808P. doi:10.1126/science.172.3985.808. PMID 5572906.
Roitblat, H.R., Herman, L.M. & Nachtigall, P.E. (Eds.)(1993). Language and Communication: Comparative Perspectives, 299–308. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Rumbaugh Duane M. (1980) Language behavior of apes. In Thomas A. Sebok and Jean-Umiker-Sebok(eds.): Speaking of Apes: A Critical Anthology of Two- Way Communication with Man. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 231–259.
Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S.; McDonald, K.; Sevcik, R.A.; Hopkins, W.D.; Rupert, E (1986). "Spontaneous symbol acquisition and communicative use by pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus)". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 115 (3): 211–235. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.140.2493. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.115.3.211. PMID 2428917.{{cite journal}}: Kutipan menggunakan parameter usang |citeseerx=
Sayigh, L.S., Tyack, P.L., Wells, R.S. & Scott, M.D. (1990). Signature whistles of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): stability and mother-offspring comparisons. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 247–260.
Schusterman, R. J.; Gisiner, R. (1988). "Artificial language comprehension in dolphins and sea lions: The essential cognitive skills". The Psychological Record. 34: 3–23. doi:10.1007/BF03394849. S2CID 148803055.
Schusterman, R.J.; Gisiner, R. (1989). "Please parse the sentence: animal cognition in the Procrustean bed of linguistics". Psychological Record. 39: 3–18. doi:10.1007/BF03395051. S2CID 151609199.
Schusterman, R. J.; Kastak, D. (1993). "A California Sea-Lion (Zalaphos californianus) is capable of forming equivalence relations". The Psychological Record. 43 (4): 823–839. doi:10.1007/BF03395915. S2CID 147715775.
Schusterman, R. J.; Krieger, K. (1984). "California sea lions are capable of semantic comprehension". The Psychological Record. 38 (3): 311–348. doi:10.1007/BF03395027. S2CID 148081685.
Skinner, B.F. (1957). Verbal behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Wilkie, R.; McKinnon, A. (2013). "George Herbert Mead on Humans and Other Animals: Social Relations after Human-Animal Studies". Sociological Research Online. 18 (4): 19. doi:10.5153/sro.3191. S2CID 146644748.
Wittmann, Henri (1991). "Classification linguistique des langues signées non vocalement" (PDF). Revue Québécoise de Linguistique Théorique et Appliquée. 10 (1): 215–88.