Al-Jazari

Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.

Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Al-Jazari
Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.

Temple name (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Posthumous name (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Biografi
Kelompok	manusia
Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Kelahiran	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'. 1136 (Kalender Masehi Gregorius) Mesopotamia Hulu ()
Kematian	1206 (Kalender Masehi Gregorius) (69/70 tahun) Turki ()
Penyebab kematian	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Tempat pemakaman	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Data pribadi
Kelompok etnik	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Ideologi politik	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Agama	Islam
Pendidikan	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Tangan utama	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Warna mata	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Warna rambut	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Kegiatan
Tesis akademis	[Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'. Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.] (Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.)
Penasihat doktoral	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Spesialisasi	Ulama, automaton dan teknik mesin
Pekerjaan	matematikawan,ulama,gnomonist (en) ,mekanik,astronom,penulis,insinyur,pereka cipta,pengarang
Periode	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Periode aktif	(Floruit: Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.)
Bekerja di	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Partai politik	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Tertarik dengan	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Genre	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Aliran	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Murid dari	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Dipengaruhi oleh	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Nama pena	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Diwakili oleh	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Gaji pokok	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Total kekayaan	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Kesetiaan	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Cabang militer	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Pangkat militer	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Komando	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Konflik	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Time in space (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Aktivitas luar kendaraan	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
P450	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Ordo keagamaan	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Priestly ordination in the Roman rite (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Konsekrasi	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
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Celebration (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Ziarah	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Tanggal perayaan	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Iconographic symbol (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Domain of saint or deity (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Tipe suara	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Instrumen	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Label rekaman	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Related artists (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Musical conductor (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Patron of the arts (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Membela negara (untuk olahraga)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Olahraga	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Disiplin olahraga berkompetisi pada	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Competition class (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Liga	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Posisi dalam tim	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Tangan main	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Nomor punggung	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Co-driver (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Kepala pelatih	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Drafted by (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Kit supplier (en)	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Karya kreatif
Karya terkenal (1206) The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices (en)
Murid doktoral	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Singkatan nama ahli botani	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Singkatan nama zoologi	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Lain-lain
Gelar bangsawan	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Keluarga	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Pasangan nikah	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Kekasih	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Anak	Kesalahan ekspresi: Operator < tak terduga
Orang tua	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'., Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Saudara	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Kerabat	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Tuntutan hukum yang diterima	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Dinyatakan bersalah atas	Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Tanda tangan [[Berkas:Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.|220x250px|alt=]]
[[Berkas:Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.|100px|alt= Lambang kebesaran Al-Jazari]]
Lua error in mw.lua at line 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Templat:Escoltar
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Abū al-'Iz Ibn Ismā'īl ibn al-Razāz al-Jazarī (ca 1136–1206; bahasa Arab:أَبُو اَلْعِزِ بْنُ إسْماعِيلِ بْنُ الرِّزاز الجزري) adalah seorang Ilmuwan dari Al-Jazirah, Mesopotamia, yang hidup pada abad pertengahan. Dia adalah penulis Kitáb fí ma'rifat al-hiyal al-handasiyya (Buku Pengetahuan Ilmu Mekanik) tahun 1206, di mana dia menjelaskan lima puluh peralatan mekanik berikut instruksi tentang bagaimana cara merakitnya.

Biografi

Hanya sedikit yang diketahui tentang Al-Jazari, dan kebanyakan berasal dari perkenalannya dari buku "Pengetahuan Ilmu Mekanik". Nama Al-Jazari berasal dari tempat kelahirannya, Al-Jazirah, Mesopotamia — nama tradisional Arab untuk wilayah di batian utara Mesopotamia dan sekarang dikenal sebagai wilayah tenggara Turki, di antara Sungai Tigris dan Sungai Efrat. Seperti ayahnya, dia mengabdi sebagai kepala insinyur di Istana Artuklu, kediaman dari Dinasti Artuqid cabang Mardin yang memerintah wilayah timur Anatolia sebagai wilayah pengikut dari Dinasti Zangid dan selanjutnya Dinasti Ayyubiyyah.^[1]

Al-Jazari adalah bagian dari tradisi pengrajin sehingga lebih cenderung sebagai praktisi insinyur daripada penemu^[2] yang tampaknya "lebih tertarik kepada proses pengerjaan yang diperlukan untuk membangun suatu alat daripada teknologi yang berada dibelakangnya" dan mesin-mesin ciptaannya biasanya "dirakit berdasarkan trial and error daripada perhitungan teoretis."^[3] Bukunya "Pengetahuan Ilmu Mekanik" tampaknya menjadi sangat populer sebagaimana telah banyak terlihat dalam sejumlah besar salinan manuskrip, dan seperti yang berulang kali dijelaskan olehnya, dia hanya menjelaskan peralatan-peralatan yang dibangunnya sendiri. Menurut Mayr, gaya bahasa dalam buku tersebut seperti buku modern do-it-yourself.^[4]

Beberapa peralatannya terinspirasi oleh peralatan-peralatan sebelumnya, seperti salah satu jam airnya yang monumental, yang berdasarkan Pseudo-Archimedes.^[5] Dia juga mengutip pengaruh Banu Musa bersaudara untuk air mancurnya, al-Asturlabi untuk desain jam lilin, dan Hibat Allah ibn al-Husayn (d. 1139) untuk musical automata. Al-Jazari melanjutkan dengan menggambarkan perbaikan yang dibuatnya terhadap hasil karya pendahulunya, dan menjelaskan peralatan-peralatan, teknik-teknik, dan komponen-komponen yang merupakan penemuan orisinalnya yang tidak tampak dalam hasil karya pendahulunya.^[6]

Mekanisme dan Metode

Sementara banyak dari penemuan Al-Jazari sekarang mungkin tampak sepele, aspek paling penting dari mesin-mesin Al-Jazari adalah mekanisme, komponen, ide, metode, dan desain fitur yang dikerjakannya.^[1]

Poros bubungan

Poros bubungan, pertama kali diperkenalkan tahun 1206 oleh al-Jazari, yang menerapkannya dalam Automaton ciptaannya,^[7] water clocks (such as the candle clock)^[8] and water-raising machines.^[7] Bubungan (cam) dan poros bubungan selanjutnya muncul dalam mekanik Eropa mulai abad ke-14.^[9]

Lukisan miniatur

Di samping prestasinya sebagai penemu dan insinyur, al-Jazari juga seorang seniman. Dalam "Buku Pengetahuan Ilmu Mekanik", dia memberikan instruksi tentang penemuan-penemuannya dan menggambarkannya menggunakan lukisan miniatur, gaya seni Islam abad pertengahan.

• 
  Diagram hydropowered water-raising machine dari "Buku Pengetahuan Ilmu Mekanik" karya Al-Jazari.
• 
  Jam gajah dari manuskrip Al-Jazari.
• 
  Salah satu jam lilin Al-Jazari.
• 
  Band musik robot hasil desain al-Jazari.
• 
  A table device automaton hasil desain Al-Jazari.
• 
  The hand-washing automaton with a flush mechanism designed by al-Jazari.
• 
  Al-Jazari's hydropowered saqiya chain pump device.
• 
  Ilustrasi peralatan hasil temuan Al-Jazari.

Lihat pula

• Muhammad bin Musa bin Syakir

Referensi

• al-Jazarí, The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices: Kitáb fí ma'rifat al-hiyal al-handasiyya, Springer, 1973 edition.
• Hill, Donald Routledge, A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times, 1996.
• Ulrich Alertz, The Horologium of Hārūn al-Rashīd Presented to Charlemagne – An Attempt to Identify and Reconstruct the Clock Using the Instructions Given by al-Jazarī, in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies In the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42. Diarsipkan 2011-07-16 di Wayback Machine
• Claus-Peter Haase, Modest Variations—Theoretical Tradition and Practical Innovation in the Mechanical Arts from Antiquity to the Arab Middle Ages, in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies In the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42. Diarsipkan 2011-07-16 di Wayback Machine
• George Saliba, Blurred Edges—At the Intersection of Science, Culture, and Art, in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies In the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42. Diarsipkan 2011-07-16 di Wayback Machine
• Amnon Shiloah, The Paradigmatic-Individualistic Approach of Arab Musical Creativeness, in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies In the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42. Diarsipkan 2011-07-16 di Wayback Machine
• Eilhard Wiedemann, On Musical Automata, in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies In the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42. Diarsipkan 2011-07-16 di Wayback Machine

Pranala luar

Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Al-Jazari.

• Hill, Donald R. (2008) [1970-80]. "Al-jazarī, Badī' Al-zamān Abū'l-'izz Ismā'īl Ibn Al-razzāz". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Encyclopedia.com.{{cite encyclopedia}}: Tautan eksternal dalam |title=
• The Automata of al-Jazari Diarsipkan 2003-04-21 di Wayback Machine
• The Book of al-Jazari, Flash format Diarsipkan 2012-07-24 di Wayback Machine
• "al-Jazari, the Mechanical Genius" at MuslimHeritage.com
• "The Machines of al-Jazari and Taqi Al-Din" at MuslimHeritage.com
• "How Islamic inventors changed the world" article in The Independent Diarsipkan 2008-05-17 di Wayback Machine

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