Abwehr

Abwehr (pelafalan[ˈapveːɐ̯]) adalah dinas intelijen militer Jerman untuk Reichswehr dan Wehrmacht dari tahun 1920 sampai 1945.^[1] Meskipun Perjanjian Versailles melarang Jerman untuk membentuk organisasi intelijen, Jerman membentuk kelompok spionase pada tahun 1920 di bawah Kementerian Pertahanan, menamainya Abwehr.^[2] Tujuan awal Abwehr adalah sebagai pertahanan terhadap spionase asing—peran organisasi yang kemudian berkembang pesat.^[3] Di bawah kepemimpinan Jenderal Kurt von Schleicher, satuan intelijen militer dan individu digabungkan, dan pada tahun 1929, dipusatkan di bawah kendali Kementerian Pertahanan, yang membentuk landasan bagi manifestasi Abwehr.

Setiap markas Abwehr di seluruh Jerman didasarkan pada distrik-distrik militer, dan perwakilan dibuka di negara-negara netral yang dapat menerima dan di wilayah-wilayah pendudukan ketika wilayah kekuasaan Reich mulai berkembang.^[4] Kementerian Pertahanan berganti nama menjadi Kementerian Perang pada tahun 1935, diikuti oleh berkuasanya Adolf Hitler, yang membentuk angkatan bersenjata OKW. OKW menjadi bagian dari "staf pekerja" pribadi Führer sejak bulan Juni 1938 dan Abwehr menjadi agen intelijennya di bawah kendali Wakil Laksamana Wilhelm Canaris.^[5] Kantor pusatnya terletak di 76/78 Tirpitzufer, Berlin, berdekatan dengan kantor OKW.

Kepala

№	Kepala Abwehr	Mulai jabatan	Akhir jabatan	Lama menjabat	Dinas/cabang militer
1	Gempp, FriedrichKolonel Friedrich Gempp (1873–1947)	1 Januari 1921	Juni 1927	6 tahun, 5 bulan	Angkatan Darat Republik Weimar
2	Schwantes, GüntherMeior Günther Schwantes (1881–1942)	Juni 1927	Februari 1929	1 tahun, 8 bulan	Angkatan Darat Republik Weimar
3	Bredow, FerdinandLetnan Kolonel Ferdinand von Bredow (1884–1934)	Februari 1929	2 Juni 1932	3 tahun, 4 bulan	Angkatan Darat Republik Weimar
4	Patzig, ConradLaksamana Muda Conrad Patzig (1888–1975)	6 Juni 1932	1 Januari 1935	7002939000000000000♠2 tahun, 209 hari	Kriegsmarine
5	Canaris, WilhelmLaksamana Wilhelm Canaris (1887–1945)	1 Januari 1935	12 Februari 1944	7003332900000000000♠9 tahun, 42 hari	Kriegsmarine
6	Hansen, GeorgKolonel Georg Hansen (1904–1944)	13 Februari 1944	1 Juni 1944	7002109000000000000♠109 hari	Angkatan Darat Jerman
7	Schellenberg, WalterSS-Brigadeführer Walter Schellenberg (1910–1952)	1 Juni 1944	4 Mei 1945	7002337000000000000♠337 hari	Schutzstaffel
8	Skorzeny, OttoSS-Obersturmbannführer Otto Skorzeny (1908–1975)	5 Mei 1945	8 Mei 1945	7000300000000000000♠3 hari	Schutzstaffel

Lihat juga

Referensi

Bibliografi

Andrew, Christopher (2018). The Secret World: A History of Intelligence. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-30023-844-0.
Archer, Christon; Ferris, John R.; Herwig, Holger H.; Travers, Timothy H.E. (2002). World History of Warfare. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-80321-941-0.
Barnett, Correlli, ed. Hitler’s Generals. New York: Grove Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-8021-3994-8
Bassett, Richard (2011). Hitler's Spy Chief: The Wilhelm Canaris Betrayal. New York: Pegasus Books. ISBN 978-1-60598-450-6.
Bauer, Yehuda (1996). Jews for Sale?: Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933–1945. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-30006-852-8.
Blandford, Edmund L. (2001). SS Intelligence: The Nazi Secret Service. Edison, NJ: Castle Books. ISBN 978-0-78581-398-9.
Brissaud, André. Canaris; the Biography of Admiral Canaris, Chief of German Military Intelligence in the Second World War. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1974. ISBN 978-0-44811-621-1
Brown, Anthony C. (1975). Bodyguard of Lies: The Extraordinary True Story Behind D-Day. New York: Harper and Row. ISBN 978-1-58574-692-7.
Budiansky, Stephen. Battle of Wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II. New York: The Free Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-67088-492-6
Burleigh, Michael (2010). Moral Combat: Good and Evil in World War II. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-67001-832-1.
Cooper, Matthew (1984). The German Army, 1933–1945. New York: Bonanza Books. ISBN 978-0-51743-610-3.
Cruickshank, Charles Greig, and David Barlow. Deception in World War II. Oxford University Press, 1979. ISBN 978-0-19215-849-9
Cubbage, T. L. "The German misapprehensions regarding overlord: Understanding failure in the estimative process." Intelligence and National Security (1987) 2#3 pp: 114-174.
Davies, Norman (2008). No Simple Victory: World War II in Europe, 1939–1945. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-67001-832-1.
Dear, Ian; Foot, M.R.D., ed. (1995). The Oxford Guide to World War II. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534096-9.
Dulles, Allen (2000) [1947]. Germany's Underground: The Anti-Nazi Resistance. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-30680-928-6.
Farago, Ladislas. The Game of the Foxes: The Untold Story of German Espionage in the United States and Great Britain During WWII, David McKay Co. Inc., 1971. ISBN 978-0-553-12342-5.
Fischer, Klaus (1995). Nazi Germany: A New History. New York: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-82640-797-9.
Gerwarth, Robert (2012). Hitler's Hangman: The Life of Heydrich. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-30018-772-4.
Goerlitz, Walter (1985) [1953]. History of the German General Staff, 1657–1945. New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 978-1-56619-914-8.
Hastings, Max (2016). The Secret War: Spies, Ciphers, and Guerrillas, 1939–1945. New York: Harper. ISBN 978-0-06225-927-1.
Herfeldt, Olav. Schwarze Kapelle. Spionage und Widerstand. Die Geschichte der Widerstansgruppe um Admiral Wilhelm Canaris. Augsburg: Weltbild, 1990. ISBN 978-3-89350-077-2
Hildebrand, Klaus (1973). The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02528-8.
Höhne, Heinz (1979). Canaris: Hitler's Master Spy. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-08777-3.
Holmes, Richard (2009). The Oxford Companion to Military History. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19866-209-9.
Holt, Thaddeus (2004). The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War. New York: Scribner's. ASIN B00RWSILQS.
Howard, Michael (1990). British Intelligence in the Second World War: Strategic Deception. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52140-145-6.
Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf (1968). "The Kommissarbefehl and Mass Executions of Soviet Russian Prisoners of War". Dalam Krausnick, Helmut; Buchheim, Hans; Broszat, Martin; Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf (ed.). Anatomy of the SS State. New York: Walker and Company. ISBN 978-0-00211-026-6.
Kahn, David (1978). Hitler's Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02560-610-4.
Kitson, Simon. The Hunt for Nazi Spies: Fighting Espionage in Vichy France. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-22643-893-1
LeMei, Benoit (2013). Erich von Manstein: Hitler's Master Strategist. Philadelpha; Oxford: Casemate. ISBN 978-1-61200-059-6.
Lerner, K. Lee, and Brenda W. Lerner. Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security, vol. 1, A-E. New York: Thomson Gale, 2004. ISBN 0-7876-7686-1
Leverkuehn, Paul (1954). German Military Intelligence. New York: Frederick A. Praeger Inc. ASIN B0000CIU8I.
Liddell-Hart, B.H. The German Generals Talk. New York: Quill, 1979, [1948]. ISBN 0-688-06012-9
Longerich, Peter (2012). Heinrich Himmler. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199592326.
McDonough, Frank (2005). Opposition and Resistance in Nazi Germany. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52100-358-2.
Molinari, Andrea (2013). Desert Raiders: Axis and Allied Special Forces, 1940–43. London: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-47280-215-6.
O.N.I. Review [Office of Naval Intelligence]. “German Espionage and Sabotage against the United States.” 1, no.3 (Jan. 1946): 33-38. [Declassified]. Full text online and retrievable from: https://web.archive.org/web/20011205033841/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq114-1.htm (Accessed December 20, 2014).
Paine, Lauran (1984). German Military Intelligence in World War II: The Abwehr. Stein & Day. ISBN 978-0-7091-9628-0.
Peterson, Neal H. (2002) [1992]. "From Hitler's Doorstep: Allen Dulles and the Penetration of Germany". Dalam George C. Chalou (ed.). The Secrets War: The Office of Strategic Services in World War II. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Administration. ISBN 978-0-911333-91-6.
Reitlinger, Gerald (1989). The SS: Alibi of a Nation, 1922–1945. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-30680-351-2.
Rich, Norman (1973). Hitler's War Aims Ideology: The Nazi State and the Course of Expansion. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-23396-476-8.
Richelson, Jeffrey T. (1995). Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19507-391-1.
Roseman, Mark (2000). A Past in Hiding: Memory and Survival in Nazi Germany. New York: Metropolitan Books. ISBN 978-0-80506-326-4.
Schellenberg, Walter (2000) [1956]. The Labrynth: Memoirs Of Walter Schellenberg, Hitler's Chief Of Counterintelligence. Diterjemahkan oleh Louis Hagen. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306809279.
Schoonover, Thomas. Hitler's Man in Havana: Heinz Luning and Nazi Espionage in Latin America. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2008. ISBN 978-0-81312-501-5
Seaton, Albert (1982). The German Army, 1933–1945. New York: Meridian. ISBN 978-0-452-00739-0.
Shirer, William (1990). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: MJF Books. ISBN 978-1-56731-163-1.
Stewart, Jules (2014). The Kaiser's Mission to Kabul: A Secret Expedition to Afghanistan in World War I. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78076-875-5.
Taylor, James; Shaw, Warren (1997). The Penguin Dictionary of the Third Reich. New York: Penguin Reference. ISBN 978-0-14051-389-9.
Taylor, Telford (1995) [1952]. Sword and Swastika: Generals and Nazis in the Third Reich. New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 978-1-56619-746-5.
Thomas, David (1987). "Foreign Armies East and German Military Intelligence in Russia 1941-45". Journal of Contemporary History. 22 (2): 261–301. doi:10.1177/002200948702200204. JSTOR 260933.
Tooze, Adam (2006). The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-67003-826-8.
Trevor-Roper (1992). The Last Days of Hitler. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-81224-3.
United States War Dept. General Staff (1984). German Military Intelligence, 1939-1945. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America. ISBN 978-0-89093-543-9.
Waller, John H. "The double life of Admiral Canaris." International Journal of Intelligence and Counter Intelligence (1996) 9#3 pp: 271-289.
Waller, John H. The Unseen War in Europe: Espionage and Conspiracy in the Second World War. New York: Random House, 1996. ISBN 978-0-67944-826-6
Walton, Calder (2013). Empire of Secrets: British Intelligence, the Cold War, and the Twilight of Empire. New York: Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1-46830-946-1.
Weinberg, Gerhard (1994). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44317-3.
Weinberg, Gerhard (1996). Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47407-8.
Weinberg, Gerhard (2005). Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II. New York: Enigma Books. ISBN 978-1-92963-191-9.
Wheeler-Bennett, John W. (1980) [1954]. Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918–1945. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-06864-9.
Winks, Robin W. (1996). Cloak & Gown: Scholars in the Secret War, 1939–1961. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-30006-524-4.
Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann (1991). The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. (2 vols.) New York: MacMillan Publishing. ISBN 978-0-02-897500-9.{{cite book}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Lokasi (link)

Pranala luar

German Espionage and Sabotage Against the USA in WW2 at ibiblio.org. Includes details on structure of Abwehr.
Gross, Kuno, Michael Rolke & András Zboray, Operation SALAM – László Almásy's most daring Mission in the Desert War, Belleville, München, 2013