Kipas biasanya merupakan alat yang memiliki permukaan datar dan lebar yang diayunkan ke depan dan ke belakang untuk menciptakan aliran udara. Kipas yang sering dijumpai dan banyak diproduksi adalah kipas lipat, yang berbentuk seperti setengah lingkaran dan terbuat dari bahan tipis (seperti kertas atau bulu) yang dipasang pada bilah yang berputar di sekitar poros sehingga dapat ditutup ketika tidak di pakai.
Pada kulit manusia, aliran udara dari kipas akan meningkatkan penguapan, yang memiliki efek pendinginan dari panas laten penguapan air. Kipas juga juga meningkatkan konveksi panas dengan menggantikan udara hangat yang dihasilkan oleh panas tubuh yang mengelilingi kulit, yang memiliki efek pendinginan tambahan, asalkan suhu udara di lingkungan sekitar lebih rendah dari suhu kulit, suhu kulit manusia biasanya sekitar 33 °C (91 °F). Kipas nyaman untuk dibawa-bawa, terutama kipas lipat.
Kipas Jepang
![(Uchiwa [ja])](./Berkas:Uchiwa.jpg)
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Referensi
Sumber rujukan
- Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301
Buku
- Alexander, Helene. The Fan Museum, Third Millennium Publishing, 2001 ISBN0-9540319-1-1
- Alexander, Helene & Hovinga-Van Eijsden, Fransje. A Touch of Dutch - Fans from the Royal House of Orange-Nassau, The Fan Museum, February 2008, ISBN0-9540319-5-4
- Armstrong, Nancy. Book of Fans. Smithmark Publishing, 1984. ISBN0-8317-0952-9
- Armstrong, Nancy. Fans, Souvenir Press, 1984 ISBN0-285-62591-8
- Bennett, Anna G. Unfolding beauty: The art of the fan : the collection of Esther Oldham and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Thames and Hudson (1988). ISBN0-87846-279-1
- Bennett, Anna G. & Berson, Ruth Fans in fashion. Publisher Charles E. Tuttle Co. Inc & The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco (1981) ISBN0-88401-037-6
- Biger, Pierre-Henri. Sens et sujets de l'éventail européen de Louis XIV à Louis-Philippe. Histoire of Art Thesis, Rennes 2 University, 2015. (https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01220297)
- Checcoli, Anna. " Il ventaglio e i suoi segreti ", Tassinari, 2009
- Checcoli, Anna. " Ventagli Cinesi Giapponesi ed Orientali ", Tassinari, 2009
- Cowen, Pamela. A Fanfare for the Sun King: Unfolding Fans for Louis XIV, Third Millennium Publishing (September, 2003) ISBN1-903942-20-9
- Das, Justin. Pankha -Traditional crafted hand fans of the Indian Subcontinent from the collection of Justin Das - The fan museum, Greenwich (2004)
- Faulkner, Rupert. Hiroshige Fan Prints, V&A publications, 2001 ISBN1-85177-332-0
- Fendel, Cynthia. Novelty Hand Fans, Fashionable Functional Fun Accessories of the Past. Hand Fan Productions, 2006 ISBN978-0-9708852-1-0
- Fendel, Cynthia. Celluloid Hand Fans. Hand Fan Productions, 2001. ISBN0-9708852-0-2
- Gitter, Kurt A. Japanese fan paintings from western collections. Publisher - New Orleans Museum of Art (1985). ISBN0-89494-021-X
- Hart, Avril & Taylor, Emma. Fans (V & A Fashion Accessories Series). Publisher- V & A Publications. ISBN1-85177-213-8
- Hutt, Julia & Alexander, Helene. Ogi: A History of the Japanese Fan. Art Media Resources; Bilingual edition (February 1, 1992) ISBN1-872357-08-3
- Irons, Neville John. Fans of Imperial China. Kaiserreich Kunst Ltd, 1982 ISBN0-907918-00-X
- Letourmy-Bordier, Georgina & Le Guen, Sylvain, L'éventail, matières d'excellence : La nature sublimée par les mains de l'artisan, Musée de la Nacre et de la Tabletterie (September 2015) ISBN978-2953110692
- Mayor, Susan. A Collectors Guide to Fans, Charles Letts, 1990
- Mayor, Susan. The Letts Guide to Collecting Fans. Charles Letts, 1991 ISBN1-85238-128-0
- North, Audrey. Australia's fan heritage. Boolarong Publications (1985). ISBN0-86439-001-7
- Qian, Gonglin. Chinese Fans: Artistry and Aesthetics (Arts of China, #2). Long River Press (August 31, 2004) ISBN1-59265-020-1
- Rhead, G. Wooliscroft. The History of the Fan, Kegan Paul, 1910
- Roberts, Jane. Unfolding Pictures: Fans in the Royal Collection. Publisher - Royal Collection (January 30, 2006. ISBN1-902163-16-8
- Tam, C.S. Fan Paintings by Late Ch'ing Shanghai Masters. Publisher - Urban Council for an exhibition in the Hong Kong Museum of Art (1977)
- Vannotti, Franco. Peinture Chinoise de la Dynastie Ts'ing (1644–1912). Collections Baur, Geneve (1974)
Pranala luar
Media terkait Hand fans di Wikimedia Commons
- A visual guide to Victorian fan language, photos by Fabio and Gabrielle Arciniegas
- mm's fan collection with monographies on love symbols on fans, celluloid fans, George Barbier and more
- Hand fan collection Anna Checcoli
- All About Hand Fans with Cynthia Fendel[pranala dihapus]
- Hand Fan Museum
- The Fan Circle International
- Tessen warrior fan Diarsipkan 2013-01-03 di Wayback Machine
- The Fan Museum in Greenwich, London
- Fan Association of North America
- Fans in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database
- La Place de l'Eventail (French website dedicated to the European Hand Fan (most pages in English)
- Galerie Le Curieux, Paris
- Fans in the 16th and 17th Centuries
- Variety of Hand Held fans in different colour and styles
- Maison Sylvain Le Guen - contemporary hand fans by Sylvain Le Guen Diarsipkan 2021-09-18 di Wayback Machine
- Allhandfans - Site entirely dedicated to the hand fan Diarsipkan 2020-08-13 di Wayback Machine
- Museu Tèxtil i d’Indumentària in Barcelona
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