Demosthenes

Untuk orang fiksi dan sejarah lainnya yang bernama Demosthenes, lihat Demosthenes (disambiguasi).

Demosthenes
Patung dada Demosthenes (Louvre, Paris, Prancis)
Lahir	384 SM Athena
Meninggal	322 SM (usia 62) Pulau Kalaureia (sekarang Poros)

Demosthenes (/dɪˈmɒs.θəniːz/; bahasa Yunani:Δημοσθένης Dēmosthénēs [dɛːmostʰénɛːs]; 384–322 BC) adalah seorang orator dan negarawan Yunani berpengaruh dari Athena kuno. Orasi-orasinya memperlihatkan sebuah ekspresi yang signifikan dari kekuatan kecerdasan Athena pada zamannya dan berpengaruh pada politik dan budaya Yunani kuno pada abad ke-4 SM. Demosthenes mengetahui retorik dengan mempelajari pidato para orator besar pada masa sebelumnya. Ia menyampaikan pidato yudisial pertamanya pada usia 20 tahun

Tahun-tahun awal dan kehidupan pribadi

Kehidupan pribadi dan keluarga

Demosthenes lahir pada 384 SM, pada tahun terakhir Olympiad ke-98 atau tahun pertama Olympiad ke-99.^[1] Ayahnya—yang juga bernama Demosthenes—berasal dari sebuah suku lokal, Pandionis, dan tinggal di deme Paeania^[2] di wilayah Athena, adalah seorang pembuat senjata kelas menengah.^[3] Aeschines, lawan politik terbesar Demosthenes, menyatakan bahwa ibunya Kleoboule berdarah Scythia^[4]—sebuah pernyataan yang diragukan oleh beberapa sarjana modern.^[a] Demosthenes menjadi anak yatim pada usia tujuh tahun.

Referensi

↑ H. Weil, Biography of Demosthenes, 5–6
↑ Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 171
↑ E. Badian, "The Road to Prominence", 11
↑ Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 172

Sumber

Sumber utama (Yunani dan Romawi)

Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Aeschines, Against Timarchus. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Aeschines, The Speech on the Embassy. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae. Translated in English by Charles Duke Yonge.
Cicero, Brutus. See the original text in the Latin Library
Cicero, De Oratore. See original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Cicero, Orator. See the original text in the Latin Library.
Demades, On the Twelve Years. See original text in Perseus program.
Demosthenes, Against Aphobus 1. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Demosthenes, Against Aphobus 3. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Demosthenes, Against Aristocrates. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Demosthenes, Against Meidias. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Demosthenes, Against Zenothemis. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Demosthenes, First Olynthiac.
Demosthenes, First Philippic.
Demosthenes, For the Freedom of the Rhodians
Demosthenes, Fourth Philippic. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Demosthenes (or Hegesippus), On Halonnesus. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Demosthenes, On the Crown.
Demosthenes, On the False Embassy.
Demosthenes, On the Peace.
Demosthenes, Second Olynthiac.
Demosthenes, Second Philippic.
Demosthenes, Third Olynthiac.
Demosthenes, Third Philippic.
Dinarchus, Against Demosthenes. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Diodorus Siculus, Library. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, On the Admirable Style of Demosthenes.
Hypereides,Against Demosthenes. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library
Juvenal, Saturae. See original text in the Latin Library. Translated in English by M. Madan
Longinus, On the Sublime. Translated by W. Rhys Roberts Diarsipkan 2011-08-06 di Wayback Machine.
Lucian, Demosthenes, An Encomium. Translated in Sacred Texts
Lucian, The Illiterate Book-Fancier. Translated in Sacred Texts
Pausanias, Description of Greece. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Plutarch, Cicero. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Plutarch, Demosthenes. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Plutarch, Phocion. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Polybius, Histories. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library
Pseudo-Plutarch, Aeschines. See Charles Barcroft's translation.
Pseudo-Plutarch, Demosthenes. See Charles Barcroft's translation Diarsipkan 2011-08-06 di Wayback Machine..
Quintilian, Institutiones. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library and the Latin Library.

Sumber sekunder

Badian, Ernst (2002). "The Road to Prominence". Dalam Worthington, Ian (ed.). Demosthenes: Statesman and Orator. Routledge. ISBN 0-203-18769-5.
Blanshard, Alastair J. L.; Sowerby, Tracey A. (Summer 2005). "Thomas Wilson's Demosthenes and the Politics of Tudor Translation". International Journal of the Classical Tradition. 12 (1). Springer: 46–80. doi:10.1007/s12138-005-0010-7. JSTOR 30222776.{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
Blass, Friedrich (1887–1898). Die Attische Beredsamkeit (in German). Third Volume. B. G. Teubner.
Bolansie, J. (1999). Herrmippos of Smyrna. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-11303-7.
Braund, David (2003). "The Bosporan Kings and Classical Athens". Dalam Bilde, Pia Guldager; Højte, Jakob Munk; Stolba, Vladimir F. (ed.). The Cauldron of Ariantas (PDF). Aarhus University Press. ISBN 87-7934-085-7. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 2007-09-28. Diakses tanggal 2015-06-29.
Burke, Edmund M. (1998). "The Looting of the Estate of the Elder Pericles". Classica et Mediaevalia V. 49 edited by Ole Thomsen. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 87-7289-535-7.
Burke, Edmund M. (Oktober 2002). "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes: Elite Bias in the Response to Economic Crisis". Classical Antiquity. 21 (2). University of California Press: 165–193. JSTOR 10.1525/ca.2002.21.2.165.{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
Carey, Chris (2000). Aeschines. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-71223-5.
Cawkwell, George (1978). Philip II of Macedon. Faber & Faber. ISBN 0-571-10958-6.
Cohen, Edward (2002). "The Local Residents of Attica". The Athenian Nation. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09490-X.
Cox, Cheryl Anne (1998). "The Nonkinsman, the Oikos, and the Household". Household Interests: Property, Marriage Strategies, and Family Dynamics in Ancient Athens. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01572-4.
"Demosthenes". Encyclopaedic Dictionary The Helios (dalam bahasa Greek). Vol. 5. 1952.{{cite encyclopedia}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
Droysen, Johann Gustav (1999). Apostolidis, Renos; Apostolidis, Irkos; Apostolidis, Stantis (ed.). History of Alexander the Great (dalam bahasa Greek [translated by Renos Apostolidis]). Credit Bank (Trapeza Pisteos). ISBN 960-85313-5-7.{{cite book}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
Dunkan, Anne (2006). Performance and Identity in the Classical World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-85282-X.
Engels, Johannes (1989). Studien zur politischen Biographie des Hypereides (dalam bahasa German). Tuduv. ISBN 3-88073-295-7.{{cite book}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
Gibson, Graig A. (2002). Interpreting a Classic. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22956-8.
Goldstein, Jonathan A. (1968). The Letters of Demosthenes. Columbia University Press.
Green, Peter (1992). Alexander of Macedon, 356-323 B.C. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07166-2.
Habinek, Thomas N. (2004). Ancient Rhetoric and Oratory. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-23515-9.
Hamilton, J.R. (1974). Alexander the Great. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 0-8229-6084-2.
Hansen, Mogens Herman (1999). The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes. University of Oklahoma State. ISBN 0-8061-3143-8.
Harris, Edward M. (1989). "Demosthenes' Speech against Meidias". Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. 92. Department of the Classics, Harvard University: 117–136. JSTOR 311355.
Hawhee, Debra (2005). Bodily Arts: Rhetoric and Athletics in Ancient Greece. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70584-0.
Innes, D.C. (2002). "Longinus and Caecilius: Models of the Sublime". Mnemosyne, Fourth Series. 55 (3). BRILL: 259–284. doi:10.1163/156852502760185261. JSTOR 4433333.
Jaeger, Werner (1938). Demosthenes. Walter de Gruyter Company. ISBN 3-11-002527-2. {{cite book}}: Ketidakcocokan ISBN / tanggal
Jebb, Sir Richard Claverhouse (1876). The Attic Orators from Antiphon to Isaeos. Macmillan and Co.
Kapparis, Konstantinos A. (1999). Apollodoros Against Neaira. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-016390-X.
Kennedy, George A. (1985). "Oratory". The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Greek Literature. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521210423. ISBN 0-521-21042-9.
Long, Fredrick J. (2004). Ancient Rhetoric and Paul's Apology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84233-6.
Macaulay, Thomas Babington (2004). "On Mitford's History of Greece". The Miscellaneous Writings and Speeches of Lord Macaulay Volume I. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-4191-7417-7.
MacDowell, Douglas M. (2009). Demosthenes the Orator (Edisi digital). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-160873-4.
Marcu, Valeru (2005). Men and Forces of Our Time. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-4179-9529-7.
Murphy, James J. (2002). "Demosthenes". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Nietzsche, Friedrich (1909–1913). Beyond Good and Evil. The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche.
Nietzsche, Friedrich (1975). Lessons of Rhetoric. Plethron (from the Greek translation).
Paparrigopoulos, Constantine (1925). Karolidis, Pavlos (ed.). History of the Hellenic Nation (dalam bahasa Greek). Vol. Ab. Eleftheroudakis.{{cite book}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
Peck, Harry Thurston (1898). Harper's Dictionary Of Classical Literature And Antiquities.
Phillips, David (2004). "Philip and Athens". Athenian Political Oratory: 16 Key Speeches. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-415-96609-4.
Pickard, A. W. (2003). Demosthenes and the Last Days of Greek Freedom 384 - 322 B.C. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 1-59333-030-8.
Phillips, David (2004). Athenian Political Oratory. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-415-96609-4.
Romilly de, Jacqueline (1996). A Short History of Greek Literature. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-8014-8206-2.
Romilly de, Jacqueline (2001). Ancient Greece against Violence (translated in Greek). To Asty. ISBN 960-86331-5-X.
Rebhorn, Wayne A. (1999). Renaissance Debates on Rhetoric. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-226-14312-0.
Rhodes, P.J. (2005). "Philip II of Macedon". A History of the Classical Greek World. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22564-1.
Rose, M.L. (2003). The Staff of Oedipus. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11339-9.
Schaefer, Arnold (1885). Demosthenes und seine Zeit (in German). Third Volume. B. G. Teubner.
Slusser, G. (1999). "Ender's Game". Nursery Realms edited by G. Westfahl. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 0-8203-2144-3.
Thomsen, Ole (1998). "The Looting of the Estate of the Elder Demosthenes". Classica et Mediaevalia — Revue Danoise De Philologie et D'Histoire. 49. Museum Tusculanum Press: 45–66. ISBN 978-87-7289-535-2. Diakses tanggal 2006-10-08.{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: terbitan berkala memiliki ISBN (link)
Trapp, Michael (2003). Greek and Latin Letters. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-49943-7.
Tritle, Lawrence A. (1997). The Greek World in the Fourth Century. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-415-10583-8.
Tsatsos, Konstantinos (1975). Demosthenes. Estia (in Greek).
Usher, Stephen (1999). "Demosthenes Symboulos". Greek Oratory: Tradition and Originality. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-815074-1.
Van Tongeren, Paul J. M. (1999). Reinterpreting Modern Culture: An Introduction to Friedrich Nietzsche's Philosophy. Purdue University Press. ISBN 1-55753-156-0.
Vince, J.H. (1930). "Preface". Demosthenes Orations Vol. 1. Loeb Classical Library.
Weil, Henri (1975). Biography of Demosthenes in "Demosthenes' Orations". Papyros (from the Greek translation).
Whitehead, David (2000). Hypereides: the Forensic Speeches. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-815218-3.
Wooten, Cecil (Oktober–November 1977). "Cicero's Reactions to Demosthenes: A Clarification". The Classical Journal. 73 (1). The Classical Association of the Middle West and South: 37–43. JSTOR 3296953.{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
Worman, Nancy (Spring 2004). "Insult and Oral Excess in the Disputes between Aeschines and Demosthenes". The American Journal of Philology. 125 (1). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 1–25. doi:10.1353/ajp.2004.0011. JSTOR 1562208.{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
Worthington, Ian (2003). Alexander the Great: A Reader. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-29187-9.
Worthington, Ian (2004). "Oral Performance in the Athenian Assembly and the Demosthenic Prooemia". Oral Performance and its Context edited by C.J. MacKie. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-13680-0.
Worthington, Ian (1986). "The Chronology of the Harpalus Affair". Symbolae Osloenses. 61 (1). Taylor & Francis: 63–76. doi:10.1080/00397678608590798. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-08.
Yunis, Harvey (2001). Demosthenes: On the Crown. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62930-6.
Yunis, Harvey (2005). "The Rhetoric of Law in Fourth-Century Athens". The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law edited by Michael Gagarin, David Cohen. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81840-0.

Bacaan tambahan

Adams, Charles Darwin (1927). Demosthenes and His Influence. New York: Longmans.
Brodribb, William Jackson (1877). Demosthenes. J.B. Lippincott & co.
Bryan, William Jennings (1906). The world's famous orations (Volume 1). New York: Funk and Wagnalls Company.{{cite book}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Lokasi penerbit (link)
Butcher, Samuel Henry (1888). Demosthenes. Macmillan & co.
Clemenceau, Georges (1926). Demosthène. Plon.
Easterling P. E., Knox Bernard M. W. (1985). The Cambridge History of Classical Literature. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-21042-9.
Kennedy, George A. (1963). Art of Persuasion in Greece. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University press.
Murphy, James J., ed. (1967). Demosthenes' "On the Crown": A Critical Case Study of a Masterpiece of Ancient Oratory. New York: Random House.
Pearson, Lionel (1981). The art of Demosthenes. Chico, CA: Scholars press. ISBN 0-89130-551-3.
Renault, Mary (1975). The nature of Alexander. Here and in her fiction, Renault portrays Demosthenes as corrupt, cowardly and cruel.

Pranala luar

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Demosthenes

Art of Speech Diarsipkan 2007-03-11 di Wayback Machine.
Britannica, 11th Edition Diarsipkan 2014-11-29 di Wayback Machine.
Britannica online
Lendering, Jona Diarsipkan 2011-08-05 di Wayback Machine.
Pickard A.W. Diarsipkan 2008-12-01 di Wayback Machine.
Karya Demosthenes di Project Gutenberg
Karya oleh/tentang Demosthenes di Internet Archive (pencarian dioptimalkan untuk situs non-Beta)
Karya Demosthenes di LibriVox (buku suara domain umum)

Masanya

Serba-serbi

SORGLL: Demosthenes, On the Crown 199-208; read by Stephen Daitz Diarsipkan 2008-09-21 di Wayback Machine.
Libanius, Hypotheses to the Orations of Demosthenes Diarsipkan 2007-03-12 di Wayback Machine.

l b s Orasi Demosthenes
Politik	Olynthiacs 1-2-3 Philippic Pertama Pada Perdamaian Philippic Kedua Pada Halonnesus Pada Chersonese Philippic Ketiga Philippic Keempat Balasan untuk Philip Philip Pada Organisasi Pada Badan-Badan Angkatan Laut For the Megalopolitans Pada Kebebasan Orang-Orang Rhodia Pada Pengangkatan Aleksander
Yudisial	Pada Mahkota Pada Kedutaan Besar Palsu Menentang Leptines Menentang Meidias Menentang Androtion Menentang Aristocrates Menentang Timocrates Menentang Aristogiton 1-2 Menentang Aphobus 1-2-3 Menentang Ontenor 1-2 Menentang Zenothemis Menentang Apatourius Menentang Phormio Menentang Lacritus Untuk Phormio Menentang Pantaenetus Menentang Nausimachus dan Xenopeithes Menentang Boeotus 1-2 Menentang Spudias Menentang Phaenippus Menentang Macartatus Menentang Leochares Menentang Stephanus 1-2 Menentang Evergus dan Mnesibulus Menentang Olympiodorus Menentang Timotheus Menentang Polycles Pada Mahkota Trierarkik Menentang Callipus Menentang Nicostratus Menentang Conon Menentang Callicles Menentang Dionysodorus Menentang Eubulides Menentang Theocrines Menentang Naeara
Epideiktik	Orasi Masa Depan Esay Erotik

Templat:Orator Attik

l b s Negarawan Athena pada Yunani Kuno
Aeschines Agyrrhius Alcibiades Andokides Archinus Aristides Aristogeiton Aristophon Autocles Callistratus Chremonides Cimon Cleisthenes Cleophon Kleon Critias Demades Demetrius Phalereus Demochares Democles Demosthenes Ephialtes Eubulus Hyperbolus Hypereides Laches Lycurgus Lysicles Miltiades Moerocles Nicias Peisistratus Pericles Philinus Phocion Solon Themistocles Theramenes Thrasybulus Thucydides Xanthippus

Negarawan Athena pada Yunani Kuno

Yunani Kuno

Linimasa

Babak	Peradaban Kiklades Peradaban Minos Peradaban Mikene Abad Gelap Yunani Yunani Arkais Yunani Klasik Yunani Helenistis Yunani jajahan Romawi
Geografi	Doris Aiolis Epiros Helespontos Kreta Kirenaika Laut Egea Laut Yonia Magna Graecia Makedonia Peloponesos Pontos Siprus Taurike Yonia Koloni-koloni Yunani Kuno

Negara kota

Kerajaan

Federasi/
Konfederasi

Heksapolis Doris (ca.1100–560 SM)
Liga Italiotai (ca.800–389 SM)
Liga Yonia (ca.650–404 SM)
Liga Peloponesos (ca.550–366 SM)
Liga Amfiktionia (ca.595–279 SM)
Liga Akarnania (ca.500–31 SM)
Liga Helas (499–449 SM)
Liga Delos (478–404 SM)
Liga Khalkis (430–348 SM)
Liga Boyotia (ca.424–ca.395 SM)
Liga Aitolia (ca.400–188 SM)
Liga Atena ke-2 (378–355 SM)
Liga Tesalia (374–196 SM)
Liga Arkadia (370–ca.230 SM)
Liga Epiros (370–168 SM)
Liga Korintus (338–322 SM)
Liga Euboya (ca.300 SM – ca.300 M)
Liga Akhaya (280–146 SM)

Tata negara

Boule Kota merdeka Koinon Proksenia Stasis Tagos Tiran
Atena	Agora Areopagos Eklesia Grafe paranomon Heliaya Ostrakisme
Sparta	Eklesia Eforos Gerousia
Makedonia	Sinedrion Koinon

Militer

Tokoh

Daftar tokoh Yunani Kuno
Pemimpin	Raja-raja Argos Para Arkhon Atena Raja-raja Atena Raja-raja Komagene Para Diadokhos Raja-raja Makedonia Raja-raja Peonia Raja-raja Pergamon dari wangsa Atalos Raja-raja Pontos Kulawangsa Ptolemeos Kulawangsa Seleukos Raja-raja Sparta Para Tiran Sirakusa
Cerdik pandai	Astronom Geograf Sejarawan Matematikawan Filsuf Sandiwarawan Penyair Tujuh Begawan Sastrawan
Filsuf	Anaksagoras Anaksimandros Anaksimenes Antistenes Aristipos Aristoteles Demokritos Diogenes dari Sinope Empedokles Epikuros Gorgias Heraklitos Hipatia Leukipos Parmenides Platon Protagoras Pitagoras Sokrates Tales Zenon
Sastrawan	Aiskhilos Aisopos Alkeos Aristofanes Arkilokhos Bakhilides Diodoros Sikolos Euripides Filokles Herodotus Hesiodos Hiponaks Homeros Ibikos Ksenofon Lukianos Menandros Mimnermos Paniasis Pindaros Plutarkhos Polibios Sapfo Simonides Sofokles Stesikhoros Teognis Timokreon Tirteos Tukidides
Lain-lain	Para juara Olimpiade Para negarawan Atena Para pembuat hukum Para tiran
Menurut budaya	Suku-suku Yunani Kuno Tokoh-tokoh Makedonia Kuno Tokoh-tokoh Yunani Trake

Kemasyarakatan

Imu dan seni

Arsitektur
- Arsitektur Kebangunan Yunani
Astronomi
Husada
Matematika
Musik
- Sistem musik
Sastra
Teater
Teknologi
Tembikar
Ukir

Agama

Adat-istiadat kematian dan penguburan Dua belas dewata Olimpos Kuil Mitologi dewa-dewi Pratala
Tempat suci	Eleusis Delfi Delos Dion Dodona Gunung Olimpos Olimpia

Bangunan

Filipeon Gapura Singa Perbendaharaan Atena Teater Dionisos Tembok Panjang Terowongan Eupalinos
Kuil	Afea Artemis Atena Nike Erekteon Hefestos Hera, Olimpia Partenon Samotraki Zeus, Olimpia

Bahasa

Purwayunani
Mikene
Homeros
Dialek-dialek
- Aiolis
- Arkadiasiprus
- Atika
- Doris
- Epiros
- Lokris
- Makedonia
- Pamfilia
- Yonia
Koine

Leka

Kolonisasi Yunani

Magna Graecia

Italia Daratan	Alision Brentesion Elea Heraklea Lukania Hidrus Hiponion Kaulonia Khone Krimisa Kroton Kumai Laos Lokri Medma Metapontion Metauros Neápolis Pandosia (Lukania) Piksus Poseidonia Region Sibaris Sibaris tepi Treis Siris Skiletion Taras Terina Turion
Sisilia	Akragas Akrai Akrilai Apolonia Gela Heloros Hena Heraklea Minoa Hibla Gereatis Hibla Heraya Himera Kalakte Kamarina Kasmenai Katana Leontinoi Megara Hiblaya Mesana Naksos Segesta Selinus Sirakusa Tauromenion Terme Tindaris

Cekungan Laut Hitam

Pantai utara	Akra Boristenes Dioskurias Fanagorea Gorgipia Hermonasa Kalos Limen Kepoi Kerkinitis Kharaks Khersonesos Kimerikon Mirmekion Nikonion Nimfeon Olbia Pantikapeon Pitius Tanais Teodosia Tiras Tiritake
Pantai selatan	Abonoteikhos Amisos Angkialos Apolonia Atina Batus Dionisopolis Kotiora Kitoros Eupatoria Heraklea Kerasus Mesambria Odesos Oinòe Fasis Polemonion Rizos Salmidesos Sesamos Sinope Terme Tion Trapezus Tripolis Zalikhe

Daftar
Kota di Epiros Tokoh Nama tempat Stoa Kuil Teater

Kategori

Basis data pengawasan otoritas
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